Ch.1 What is Programming?

What is the major difference between Java and C++?

C++ was designed to be backwardly compatible with the original C. which means it gave you an option to use OOP, and Java doesn't give you that option.

The Internet came about during what period in our history?

During The Cold War

Assembly Language

Assembly Language was first introduced by the British with the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer). EDSAC had an assembler called Initial Orders which used single-letter mnemonic symbols to represent different series of bits. While still tedious, entering a program took less time and fewer errors were made.

Intranet

Behaves like the internet on a local business level. This promotes security, speed and saves cost. Now the moment a school, a business, your home, wants to be connected to the outside world and giant world-wide network known as the Internet, you have access to millions of lines of telecommunications.

Wireless connections are convenient, but there are some problems. List 2 of them

Signals are not always reliable, and information that travels is much easier to pick up by hackers.

What is a server?

Specialty computer that is connected to the LAN for one or more purposes. Server can be used for printing, logon authentications, permanent data storage and communication

COBOL was designed for which group of people?

The Business Community

What computer first introduced Assembly Language?

The EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer)

What is a peer-to-peer network?

A small group of computers with a common purpose all connected to each other.

Translators

A translator (compiler or interpreter) translates a high-level language into low-level machine code.

Where in the Internet is the central location where all the control computers are located?

It has no central location

What does "Platform Independence" mean?

It means that a program created on one computer will work and have the exact same output on any computer.

Explain why the use of BASIC become widespread when personal computers came out in 1976.

The early PCs had very little memory and could not handle big languages like FORTRSAN or COBOL. They were able to handle a small language like BASIC. Most personal computers in the late 1970s and early 1980s were shipped with BASIC.

Internet

The internet has existed the 1960sand has its origins in the "Cold War." During the Cold War there was a major concern about the country being paralyzed by a direct nuclear hit on the Pentagon. A means of communication had to be created that was capable to keep working regardless of damage created anywhere. This was the birth of the internet. The internet has no central location where all the control computers are located. Any part of the Internet can be damaged and all information will then travel around the damaged area.

FORTRAN

(1957) The first successful high-level programming language. Stands for FORmula TRANslation. Developed by a team of IBM programmers for mathematicians, scientists and engineers. While good for number crunching, FORTRAN could not handle the record processing required for the business world.

LISP

(1958) (LISt Processing) was designed by John McCarthy at MIT. It is known for being one of the languages specifically designed to help develop artificial intelligence. LISP introduced several important programming concepts which are used in modern programming languages today.

COBOL

(1959) Created (largely by Grace Hopper) for the business community and the armed forces. COBOL stands for Common Business Oriented Language. COBOL became extremely successful when the Department of Defense adopted COBOL as its official programming language.

FORTRAN vs COLBOL

(1960) In the early 1960s computer design was not yet standardized and was strongly influence by programmers' languages of choice. FORTRAN programmers wanted computers that were suited for number crunching. COBOL programmers wanted computers that were suited for record handling. Compnaies like IBM would have different models for "FORTRAN programmers" and "COBOL Programmers". In 1964, the IBM System/360 family of computers standardized hardware and was suitable for both

BASIC

(1964) Stands for (Basic All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) at Dartmouth college. Their intention was that a simple language would give non-math and non-science majors the ability to use computers. The use of BASIC became widespread when personal computers hit the market. The first was the Altair in 1976. BASIC required little memory, and it was the only language that could initially be handled by the first personal computers. The Altair was shipped with Altair BASIC a.k.a. Microsoft BASIC.

PL/1

(1964) Stands for Programming Language 1. After IBM standardized hardware with System/360, they set out to standardize software as well by creating PL/1. This language combined all of the number crunching features of FORTRAN with all of the record handing features of COBOL

PASCAL

(1969)College professors did not like BASIC because it did not teach proper programming structure. Instead, it taught quick and dirty programming. Niklaus Wirth decided to create a language specifically for the purpose of teaching programming. He named this new language Pascal after Blaise Pascal. Unlike Pl/1, Pascal is very lean language. It has just enough of both the math features of FOTRAN and record handling features of COBOL to be functional. In 1983, the College Board adopted Pascal as the first official language for the AP computer Science Exam.

C

(1972)In 1966 BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language) was designed at the University of Cambridge by Martin Richards. This was simply referred to as. But a New and improved version was later called C. This language was originally intended for writing compilers. C was to rewrite the kernel for the UNIX operating system.

C++

(1983)As computer programs grew more complex a new, more powerful, and more reliable type of programming was needed. This lead to the development of Object oriented Programming (OOP). Bjarne Stroustrup wanted to create a new language that uses OOP, but did not want programmers to have to learn a new language from scratch. He took the existing, very popular language C and added OOP to it. This new language became C++. In 1997, C++ replaced Pascal as the official language for the AP Computer Science Exam.

Java

(1995)Java is a platform independent language. Platform independence means that the language does not cause problem as programs are transported between different hardware and software platforms. Unlike C++, were OOP is optional, Java requires you to use OOP which caused many Universities to adopt it. For this reason, in 2003, Java replaced C++ as the official language for the AP Computer Science Exam. In 2010, Oracle acquired Sun Microsystems. Java has continued to improve in the same manner as when Sun Microsystems owned the company.

Lego Mindstorm NXT

(2006)A new kind of programming has come about that is very high-level. In this style of programming, the programmers can click on different blocks. Each block performs a different task. By creating a sequence of these blocks, you can program a computer. In 1998, the Lego corporation created their first point and click language for use with their Lego Mindstorms robots. In 2006, they released their next language, and decided to call it NXT. In 2009 NXT 2.1 was released

ISP

(Internet Service Provider) You pay a monthly fee to the ISP for the Internet connection. The amount of money you pay depends on the speed of your Internet connection.

Compiler

A compiler translates the entire program into an executable file before execution.

Describe a Very-High-Level Language.

A language that uses pictures that you can click and drag to program the computer.

Program

A program is a sequence of instructions that makes a computer perform a desired task.

Programmer

A programmer is a person who writes a program for a computer.

Server

A server is a special computer that is connected to the LAN for one or more purposes. Servers can be used for printing, logon authentications, permanent data storage and communication.

Machine Code

A.k.a. Machine Language means you are directly manipulating the 1s and 0s of the computer's binary language. In some cases, this means you are manipulating the wires of the machine. In other cases, you are flipping switches on and off. Even if you had the ability to "type" the 1s and 0s machine language would still be incredibly tedious.

Grace Hopper's immeasurable contributions to computer science have earned her the nickname

Amazing Grace".

Interpreter

An interpreter translates one program statement at a time during execution.

LISP is known for being one of the languages specifically designed to help develop

Artificial Intelligence.

Why did a number of college professors did not like BASIC?

Because it did not teach proper programming structure.

Refer to your answer to the previous question. Why are these languages considered "low-level"?

Because they function at, or very close to, the level of 1s and 0s.

Medium-Level Languages

C and C++ are sometimes considered to be medium-level languages. This is because they have the English commands of a high-level language as well as the power of a low-level language. This mad C, and later C++, very popular with professional programmers.

SneakerNet

Early personal computers were not networked at all. Every computer was a stand-alone computer. Some computers were hooked up to printers and many others were not If you needed to print something, and you were not directly connected to a printer, you saved your work to a floppy disk, put on your sneakers, and walked to the printing computer. Sharing files was done in the same way.

What was the first successful programming language?

FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator)

PL/I was created by combining all of the features of which 2 languages?

FORTRAN and COBOL

The intention was that PL/I would be "everything for everyone". The reality was this language was not popular. Explain why.

FORTRAN programmers didn't like the COBOL features and the COBOL programmers didn't like the FORTRAN features, and the new programmers found the languages too complex and overwhelming to learn.

Who was the primary designer of COBOL?

Grace Hopper

Who is credited with making the term debugging popular and also wrote the first compiler?

Grace Hopper a.k.a. "Amazing Grace"

Grace Hopper

In the 1940s, Grace Hopper did not like the way we were programming computers. There had to be a better way. The whole reason computers were invented in the first place was to do tedious. It should be possible to program a computer using English words instead of 1s and 0s. Grace Hopper wrote the first compiler (a type of translator) in 1952 for the language A-0. This paved the way for the other languages that followed. Many of these were also created in part or in whole by Grace Hopper.

Refer to your answer to the previous question. What was the name of the assembler in that computer?

Initial Orders which used single-letter mnemonic symbols to represent different series of bits.

What does ISP stand for?

Internet Service Provider

Normally, businesses and schools have a series of LANs that all connect into a large network called what?

Intranet

What is a programmer?

Is a person who writes a program for a computer.

What is a program?

Is a sequence of instructions, which enables a computer to perform a desired task.

What was required to simply enter numbers into the Mark-I calculator?

It required manipulating its 1440 switches.

What was required to program the ENIAC?

It required rewiring the machine, and machines like the ENIAC had thousands of wires.

FORTRAN was designed for which groups of people?

It was designed for mathematicians, scientists and engineers.

What was BCPL originally intended for?

It was originally intended for writing compilers.

In 1969, a slimmed down version of BCPL was released. What was that language called?

It was simply called B. In 1972, an improved version of B was released. The new language was called C.

Why did Tom Kurtz and John Kemeny create BASIC?

It would give non-math and non-science majors the ability to use computers.

Describe a High-Level Language.

It's a language that uses English words as instructions.

How is Pascal different from PL/1?

It's a very lean language, has just enough of the math features of FORTRAN, and just enough of the record handling features of COBOL to be functional.

What is the first Platform Independent language?

Java

Low-Level Languages

Languages that function at, or very close to 1s and 0s Powerful, but very difficult. Examples: Machine Language, Assembly Language.

High Level Languages

Languages that use English-like words as instructions. Easier, but less powerful. Examples: BASIC, Pascal, COBOL, FORTRAN, PL/1, Java

Very High Level Languages

Languages that use clickable pictures as instructions. Example: Lego Mindstorms NXT

What does LAN stand for?

Local Area Networks

List 2 Low-Level Languages.

Machine Language and Assembly Language.

What is another word for Machine Language?

Machine code

In 1998, the Lego Corporation created their first point-and-click language for use with their Lego Mindstorms robots. In 2006, they released their next language. What was that language called?

NXT

Were early personal computers networked?

No, not all were networked. Every computer was a stand-alone computer.

What does OOP stand for?

Object Oriented Programming

Clients

Other computers in the network that run off of a server.

The first practical networks for personal computers were called what

Peer-to-Peer Network

After IBM standardized hardware with , they set out to standardize software as well by Creating PL/I

System/360, and Programming Language 1

Niklaus Wirth created the language Pascal specifically for the purpose of

Teaching Programming.

Peer-to-Peer Networks

The first practical networks for personal computers were peer-to-peer networks. These are small groups of computers with a common purpose all connected to each other. These types of networks were frequently called Local Area Networks or LANs. Initially, the networks were true peer-to-peer networks. This means that every computer on the network.

What does a computer translator do?

Translates a high-level language into low-level machine code.

How does an interpreter translate

Translates one program statement at a time during execution.

How does a compiler translate?

Translates the entire program into an executable file before execution.

In 1983, Bjarne Stroustrup created a new language by combining C with OOP.

What was that language called? C++

What is Sneaker Net?

Where you put on your sneakers and walk to another computer.

What does programming in Machine Language mean?

You are directly manipulating the 1s and 0s of the computer's binary language.

Traditionally, the introductory courses in computer science focus on

programming.