Ch.10 - Virtualization, Cloud Computing, and Printers

what are the field replaceable units (FRUs) in a laser printer?

- toner cartridges - pickup roller (pushes a sheet of paper forward from the paper tray) - separation pad (keeps more than one sheet of paper from moving forward) - image drum - fuser

measured service

When a cloud computing vendor offers services that are metered for billing purposes or to ensure transparency between vendors and customers.

virtual desktop

When a hypervisor manages a virtual machine and presents the VM's desktop to a user. A remote user normally views and manages the virtual desktop via a browser on the local computer.

client-hosted desktop virtualization

When a local computer is used to host a hypervisor and its virtual machines.

resource pooling and consolidation (element of cloud computing)

With resource pooling, services to multiple customers are hosted on shared physical resources, which are dynamically allocated to meet customer demand. Customers generally don't know the geographical location of the physical devices providing cloud services, which is called location independence.

secure the files that hold a VM (securing a virtual machine)

You can move a VM from one computer to another by moving the files that contain the VM. - Be sure these files that hold the VM are secured with permissions that allow access only to specific local or network users and apply file encryption to the files.

VM (Virtual Machine)

a desktop managed by a hypervisor that has its own virtual hardware (motherboard, processor, RAM, hard drive, NIC, etc.) and acts like a physical computer. - after an OS is installed in a VM, applications can be installed

5. Transferring (laser printing process)

a strong electrical charge draws the toner off the drum onto the paper. This is the first step that takes place outside the cartridge and the first step that involves the paper. The soft, black transfer roller puts a positive charge on the paper to pull the toner from the drum onto the paper. Then the static charge eliminator weakens the charges on both the paper and the drum so that the paper does not stick to the drum. The stiffness of the paper and the small radius of the drum also help the paper move away from the drum and toward the fusing assembly.

virtualization

in computing, when one physical machine hosts multiple activities that are normally done on multiple machines - sharing the same physical resources, emulating different hardware

guest

in virtualization, the logical computer (VM) created by the physical computer - ran on top of host computer

host

in virtualization, the physical computer used to create VMs - PC, all-in-one, server rack - provides physical resources for VM

What kind(s) of printer(s) uses dot matrices to produce an image?

inkjet and impact printers

what type of device is a document scanner?

input device

What kind(s) of printer(s) uses bitmaps to produce an image?

laser printer

most common printer in corporate settings

laser printer - higher image quality - more expensive to purchase, but lasts longer and can print more copies before maintenance is needed than other printers

duplexing assembly

In a duplex printer, an assembly of several rollers that enables printing on both sides of the paper.

charging

In laser printing, the process of placing a high electrical charge on the imaging drum to condition it before an image is exposed to the drum.

ad hoc mode (network printing)

A peer-to-peer wireless network between computers where each wireless computer serves as its own wireless access point and is responsible for securing each connection. - most common way to setup wireless printer - connect directly to the printer through Wi-Fi - Many modern Wi-Fi printers include the ability to host a Wi-Fi hotspot to which nearby computers can connect. The main disadvantage here is that most computers can connect to only one Wi-Fi network at a time, so if a computer is connected to the printer's Wi-Fi network, it can't communicate with the Internet or other network resources. - reverse arrangement might work better: Set up a mobile hotspot on the computer and connect the printer to the computer's hotspot.

useful tips for VM files

- store VM file somewhere where it won't harm OS - secure VM file so others cannot access/observe your network - splitting VM files can help with transferring them to other machines

Disadvantages of virtualization

- Compromised performance - Increased complexity - Increased licensing costs (pay for each version of OS) - Single point of failure

examples of type 1 hypervisors

- XenServer - ESXi - Hyper V by Microsoft - KVM

What are the benefits of a type 2 hypervisor?

- better flexibility - if problems occur with a VM, you can revert back to original OS - useful for testing apps on multiple operating systems - useful for testing out various operating systems for troubleshooting purposes - Honeypots are single computers or a network of computers that lure hackers to protect the real network. Virtual machines can give the impression to a hacker that he has found a computer or an entire network of computers.

examples of type 2 hypervisors

- client hyper-v my Microsoft - virtualbox - VMware player - linux KVM

How can you secure a shared network printer?

- disable print caching (setting where print files are stored on printer) - Disable print spooling - manage who on network has access to printer and what permissions they have - print directly to the printer

requirements for virtualization workstation

- max. CPU cores (multicore processing) - CPU that supports hardware assisted virtualization (HAV); used to enhance CPU support for VMs - high speed CPU - Motherboard with HAV (intel VT or AMD-V) - Large amount of RAM (16 GB min; max RAM recommended) - enable virtualization in BIOS/UEFI - 64 bit hypervisor recommended (more RAM space for VMs) - large amount of storage space - fast network connection (NIC supports gigabit internet)

when maintaining an inkjet printer, what are some important tips?

- never clean print head - clean the ink nozzles

elements of cloud computing

- on demand (service at any time) - elastic services and storage (rapid elasticity) - support for multiple client platforms (cross-platform) - resource pooling and consolidation - measured services (bandwidth, processing power, storage space, client connections available)

What are the field replaceable units (FRUs) of an impact printer?

- print ribbon (holds ink and lubricates pinheads that deposit ink onto paper) - print head (moves across the paper to allow pinheads to deposit ink onto paper) - paper feed

Securing a virtual machine

- secure VM within the VM - VMs should be isolated for best security - secure files that hold VM - secure the host computer

Steps of the Laser Printing Process

1. processing the image 2. charging or conditioning 3. exposing or writing 4. developing 5. transferring 6. fusing 7. cleaning

VDI (Virtual Desktop Infrastructure)

A presentation of a virtual desktop made to a client computer by a hypervisor on a server in the cloud. - When a hypervisor on a server in the cloud presents a virtual desktop to a client computer

local printer

A printer connected to a computer by way of a port (USB, serial, wireless connection) on the computer. Compare with network printer.

integrated print server

A printer feature that allows it to connect to a network, manage print jobs from multiple computers, monitor printer maintenance tasks, and perhaps send email alerts when a problem arises.

ink cartridge

A cartridge in inkjet printers that holds different colors of ink.

Zero Client (Dumb Terminal/Ultra-Thin Client)

A client computer that does not have an operating system and merely provides an interface between the user and the server. - interface to the network with KVM (keyboard, video, and mouse)

rapid elasticity

A cloud computing service that is capable of scaling up or down as a customer's need level changes.

SaaS (Software as a Service)

A cloud computing service that is responsible for hardware, the operating systems, and the applications installed. - customers use applications hosted on the service provider's hardware and operating systems, and typically access the applications through a web browser. - Applications are provided through an online user interface and are compatible with a multitude of devices and operating systems. - Except for the interface itself (the device and whatever browser software is required to access the website), the vendor provides every level of support from network infrastructure through data storage and application implementation. - just use the product - subscription model/rentable software - full format - eat in pizza (restaurant)

PaaS (Platform as a Service)

A cloud computing service that provides hardware and an operating system and is responsible for updating and maintaining both. - customer rents hardware, operating systems, and some applications that might support other applications the customer may install. - popular with software developers who require access to multiple platforms during the development process. - tailored to the specific needs of the project, such as an application to manage a database of test data. - google cloud platform and Microsoft Azure - delivery pizza

IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)

A cloud computing service that provides only hardware, which can include servers, storage devices, and networks. - Customers are responsible for their own application installations, data management, and backup. In most situations, customers are also responsible for their own operating systems. - ideal for fast-changing applications, to test software, or for startup businesses looking to save money by not having to invest in hardware. - amazon web services, Windows Azure, virtual servers - take and bake pizza

hybrid cloud

A combination of public, private, and community clouds used by the same organization. For example, a company might store data in a private cloud but use a public cloud email service.

ADF (automatic document feeder) scanner

A component of a copier, scanner, or printer that can automatically pull individual items of paper, cards, or envelopes from a stack into a roller system for processing.

thin client (VDI)

A computer that has an operating system but little computing power and might only need to support a browser used to communicate with a virtualization server. - chromebook - The server does most of the processing while the user interacts directly with the thin client. - To reduce the cost of the computer, configure it to: Meet only the minimum requirements for a basic OS. Support basic applications required for interaction with the server. Support high-speed network connectivity. - a way the VDI virtual desktop is presented to a user

virtualization server

A computer that serves up virtual machines to multiple client computers and provides a virtual desktop for users on these client machines.

Services console (SERVICES.MSC)

A console used by Windows to stop, start, and manage background services used by Windows and applications.

tractor feed

A continuous feed within an impact printer that feeds fanfold paper through the printer rather than individual sheets; this format is useful for logging ongoing events or data.

separation pad

A printer part that keeps more than one sheet of paper from moving forward. - If it is worn out, multiple sheets of paper will be drawn into the printer.

Application Streaming

A hybrid technique between a cloud-based application that is never installed on the local computer and an application that's downloaded and installed locally. An example is Android Instant Apps ("testing" an app before downloading) - parts of the application are downloaded, at least temporarily, on the local device only when needed; other parts of the application might continue to run in the cloud from a distant server. - The application is never fully installed on the local device

printer maintenance kit

A kit purchased from a printer manufacturer that contains the parts, tools, and instructions needed to perform routine printer maintenance.

3. exposing or writing (laser printing process)

A laser beam controlled by motors and a mirror scans across the drum until it completes the correct number of passes. The laser beam is turned on and off continually as it makes a single pass down the length of the drum, once for each raster line, so that dots are exposed only where toner should go to print the image. For example, for a 1200 dots per inch (dpi) printer, the beam makes 1200 passes for every inch of the drum circumference. This means that 1200 dots are exposed or not exposed along the drum for every inch of linear pass. - For each exposed dot, the laser beam applies a charge of -100 V, which is significantly more positive than for the unexposed dots on the drum. The charge on this image area will be used in the developing stage to transmit toner to the drum surface.

transfer belt

A laser printer component that completes the transferring step in the printer.

extension magnet brush

A long-handled brush made of nylon fibers that are charged with static electricity to pick up stray toner inside a laser printer.

cloud-based network controller

A manager of network resources in the cloud through services that are also in the cloud. These network resources are managed through a browser and might include Wi-Fi access points, network servers, routers, switches, and firewalls. An example of a cloud-based network controller is CloudTrax (cloudtrax.com). - good example of IaaS prodcut

Wi-Fi infrastructure mode

A mode in which Wi-Fi devices connect to a Wi-Fi access point, such as a SOHO router (or printer), which is responsible for securing and managing the wireless network. - printer/device is always connected to WAP (wireless access point) - Put the Wi-Fi printer within range of the access point and use controls on the printer to select the Wi-Fi network using the highest IEEE standard (802.11 a, b, g, n, or ac) supported by both the access point and the printer.

virtual NIC

A network adapter created by a hypervisor that is used by a virtual machine and emulates a physical NIC.

pickup roller

A part in a printer that pushes a sheet of paper forward from the paper tray. - If it is worn out, paper misfeeds into the printer.

network printer

A printer that any user on the network can access, either through the printer's own network card and connection to the network, through a connection to a standalone print server, or through a connection to a computer as a local printer that is shared on the network. - has an Ethernet port to connect directly to the network or uses Wi-Fi to connect to a wireless access point.

duplex printer

A printer that is able to print on both sides of the paper.

3D printer

A printer that uses a plastic filament to build a 3D model of a digital image. - additive process: layers of plastic filament stack on top of each other to create design - deductive process: plastic block inserted, lasers carve out block to create design - good for aerospace, engineering, aviation - done in modeling form (can print anything if you have special file for it) - performs more quickly with more RAM and CPU power

HAV (Hardware Assisted Virtualization)

A processor feature that can provide enhanced support for hypervisor software to run virtual machines on a system. The feature must be enabled in BIOS/UEFI setup.

thick client (VDI)

A regular desktop computer or laptop that is sometimes used as a client by a virtualization server. Also called fat client. - It should meet the recommended requirements to run its OS and any desktop applications the user might require when it is being used as a stand-alone computer - a way VDI virtual desktop is presented to user

flatbed scanner

A scanner with a flat, glass surface that holds paper to be scanned. The scan head moves under the glass and the scanner might have feeders to scan multiple copies.

on-demand

A service that is available to users at any time. On-demand cloud computing means the service is always available.

cloud computing

A service where server-side virtualization is delegated to a third-party service, and the Internet is used to connect server and client machines. - flexible provision of data storage, applications, or services to clients over the Internet

transfer roller

A soft, black roller in a laser printer that puts a positive charge on the paper. The charge pulls the toner from the drum onto the paper.

7. cleaning (laser printing process)

A sweeping blade cleans the drum of any residual toner. The charge left on the drum is then neutralized. Some printers use erase lamps in the top cover of the printer for this purpose.

AirPrint

A technology by Apple that allows Apple computers and mobile devices to print to an AirPrint-capable printer without first installing the printer.

printer self-test page

A test page that prints by using controls at the printer. The page allows you to eliminate a printer as a problem during troubleshooting and usually includes test results, graphics, and information about the printer, such as its resolution and how much memory is installed.

inkjet printer

A type of ink dispersion printer that uses cartridges of ink. The ink is heated to a boiling point and then ejected onto the paper through tiny nozzles. - doesn't normally provide the high-quality resolution of laser printers. - popular because they are small and can print color inexpensively - can print high-quality photos, especially when used with photo-quality paper. - uses dot matrices (moving printer head due to step motor) to create images - the smaller the dots, the better the image - the quality of the paper has significant outcome on image quality - only use recommended paper, best practice is high-grade paper

thermal printer

A type of line printer that uses wax-based ink, which is heated by heat pins that melt the ink onto paper. - most often used as receipt printers that use rolls of thermal paper called roller paper - also used as bar code readers and fax machines - roller paper marks the paper when the roll needs to be replaced - reliable, easy to maintain - cleaning print head regularly important; buildup can harden and damage print head

impact printer

A type of printer that creates a printed page by using a mechanism that touches or hits the paper. - uses dot matrices to produce an image - used for tractor feed (continuous feed of paper into printer using fan fold paper: rolls of paper that become marked when nearing end of roll) - useful for tracking continuous data to see trends - older technology - very durable, long lasting printer - CAN MAKE MULTIPLE COPIES AT ONCE - CARBON COPY PAPER USES THIS TYPE OF PRINTER to make multiple copies - type of printer used with receipt printers - image quality is poorer than other printer types

laser printer

A type of printer that uses a laser beam to control how toner is placed on the page and then uses heat to fuse the toner to the page.

direct thermal printer

A type of thermal printer that burns dots onto special coated paper called thermal paper, as older fax machines did. - process requires no ink and does not use a ribbon

thermal transfer printer

A type of thermal printer that uses a ribbon containing wax-based ink. The heating element melts the ribbon onto special thermal paper so that it stays glued to the paper as the feeder assembly moves the paper through the printer. - used to print receipts, bar-code readers, clothing labels, or container labels.

toner vacuum

A vacuum cleaner designed to pick up toner used in laser printers; the toner is not allowed to touch any conductive surface.

cloud file storage service

A way of storing files in the cloud. Examples are Google Drive, iCloud Drive, Dropbox, and OneDrive.

Bonjour

An Apple program that is used to interface between computers and devices and share content and services between them (including printers/printer software). When iTunes is installed on a Windows computer, the installation includes this

synchronization app

An app on a mobile device or other computer to sync data and settings to cloud storage accounts such as Google Cloud and iCloud and between devices.

cloud-based application

An application installed on a server on the Internet; the user can access the software through a browser. The application is a type of SaaS. Office 365

imaging drum

An electrically charged rotating drum found in laser printers. - the drum is electrically charged and the the laser printer places toner on this, which transfers the toner onto the paper and then fuses it to the paper

public cloud

Cloud computing services provided over the Internet to the general public. Google or Yahoo! email services are examples of public cloud deployment.

resource pooling

Cloud computing services to multiple customers that are hosted on shared physical resources and dynamically allocated to meet customer demand.

Advantages of Virtualization

Efficient use of resources Cost and energy savings fault and threat isolation simple backups, recovery, and replication

What two field replaceable units could be found in a laser printer maintenance kit?

Fuser assembly, and pickup rollers - other possibilities: toner cartridges, image drum

impact paper

Paper used by impact printers that comes in a box of fanfold paper or in rolls (used with receipt printers).

service at any time (element of cloud computing)

On-demand service is available to users at any time. Cloud computing vendors often advertise uptime of their services, which is the percentage of time in any given year when their services are available online without disruption. Downtimes are minimized to a number of hours or even minutes per year.

application virtualization

One computer can serve up multiple applications such as web servers, email servers, file servers, and desktop applications such as Microsoft Office and Adobe Acrobat.

VMs should be isolated for best security (securing a virtual machine)

One major advantage of using VMs on a workstation is that a VM on one workstation is better isolated from a VM on another because the workstations provide an extra layer of protection. - the host workstation for VMs should not be used for web surfing or other activities that might compromise its VMs. - If a workstation has more than one NIC, a VM that should be kept especially secure can be isolated by dedicating a NIC solely to this VM and putting this NIC on its own subnet.

community cloud

Online resources and services that are shared between multiple organizations with a common interest but are not available publicly. - a medical database might be shared among all hospitals in a geographic area or government agencies might share regulatory requirements. - cloud could be hosted internally by one or more of the organizations involved, or hosted externally by a third-party provider.

support for multiple client platforms (element of cloud computing)

Platform refers to the operating system, the runtime libraries or modules the OS provides to applications, and the hardware on which the OS runs. Cloud resources are made available to clients through standardized access methods that can be used with a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Linux, or macOS, on any number of devices

remote printing

Printing from a computer or mobile device to a printer that is not connected directly to the computer or device.

virtual printing

Printing to a file rather than directly to a printer. - PDF (created by adobe acrobat) - XPS (similar to a PDF and can be viewed, edited, printed, faxed, emailed, or posted on websites) (created by microsoft XPS document writer) - Bitmap (image file) - PRN command (print to file: save to print file that printer can directly understand - good for temporary lost connection to printer)(works with older printers, but not so well with modern ones)

cloud printing

Printing to a printer anywhere on the Internet from a personal computer or mobile device connected to the Internet.

secure the host computer (securing a virtual machine)

Protect your VMs by applying security measures to protect the host computer that holds the VMs. - For example, run anti-malware, keep Windows updated, require password authentication to sign in to the host computer, harden the host computer's firewall, and isolate it on the network in a protected subnet.

elastic services and storage (element of cloud computing)

Rapid elasticity refers to the service's ability to be scaled up or down as the need level changes for a particular customer without requiring hardware changes that could be costly for the customer. Layers of services, such as applications, storage space, or number of users, can be added or removed when requested.

measured services (element of cloud computing)

Resources offered by a cloud computing vendor, such as storage, applications, bandwidth, and other services, are measured, or metered, for billing purposes and/or for the purpose of limiting any particular customer's use of that resource according to the service agreement.

Hypervisor

Software that creates and manages virtual machines on a server or on a local computer. Also called virtual machine manager (VMM) - connection between logical and physical computers

private cloud

Services on the Internet that an organization provides on its own servers or that are established virtually for a single organization's private use. - an insurance company might have a centralized data center that provides private cloud services to its branch offices throughout the United States. A corporation might provide access to its email servers for employees working remotely using a browser or an off-site email application such as Outlook.

Type 2 Hypervisor (hosted)

Software to manage virtual machines that is installed as an application in an operating system. - installed onto an operating system - install windows server or 10, linux, etc., then run hypervisor - example includes windows client hyper-V - not as powerful; dependent on the host OS to allot its computing power - not as secure or as fast as other type - When a workstation is used to host a hypervisor with its VMs, this is called local or client-hosted desktop virtualization. - client-hosted desktops are provided by this this hypervisor most often

Type 1 Hypervisor (bare metal)

Software to manage virtual machines that is installed before any operating system is installed - After it installs, it partitions the hardware computing power into multiple VMs. A different OS can be installed in each VM. - When a server provides virtual desktops or VMs to multiple users over the local network or the cloud, this is called remote or server-hosted desktop virtualization. - for server hosted desktops, this is the most likely hypervisor to be used

thermal paper

Special coated paper used by thermal printers.

printui

The Windows Printer User Interface command, which is used by administrators to manage printers on local and remote computers.

default printer

The designated printer to which Windows prints unless another one is selected.

platform

The hardware, operating system, runtime libraries, and modules on which an application runs.

print head

The part in an inkjet or impact printer that moves across the paper, creating one line of the image with each pass. - printer puts ink on the paper using a matrix of small dots. - Different types of inkjet printers form their droplets of ink in different ways. Printer manufacturers use several technologies, one of which is the bubble-jet. - Bubble-jet printers use tubes of ink that have tiny resistors near the end of each tube. These resistors heat up and cause the ink to boil. Then a tiny air bubble of ionized ink (ink with an electrical charge) is ejected onto the paper.

calibration

The process of checking and correcting the graduations of an instrument or device, such as an inkjet printer.

secure VM within the VM (securing a virtual machine)

Using the OS installed in the VM - configure the OS firewall in the VM - keep updates current, install and run anti-malware software - require passwords for all user accounts in the VM - encrypt data folders.

Application Virtualization

Using this virtualization, a virtual environment is created in memory for an application to virtually install itself.

nonpersistent VDI

a user receives a desktop from a pool of desktops; each time the user signs on, she gets a desktop that reverts to its original state. - an approach to how VDI virtual desktop is received by thick, thin, and zero client

elevated command prompt window

a window used to enter commands that have administrator privileges

when can applications be installed in a virtual machine (VM)?

after an OS is installed

which steps in laser printing process use printer components that undergo the most wear?

charging, exposing, developing, and cleaning steps

What must you do before using a type 2 hypervisor?

configure the network type - using virtual NIC (vNIC) or virtual switch (vSwitch) - 3 types: 1. bridged 2. NAT (most used) 3. Host only (hides VMs within the network)

4. developing (laser printing process)

developing cylinder applies toner to the surface of the drum. The toner is charged between -200 V and -500 V, and sticks to the developing cylinder because of a magnet inside it. A control blade prevents too much toner from sticking to the cylinder surface. As the cylinder rotates very close to the drum, the toner is attracted to the parts of the drum surface that have a -100 V charge and is repelled from the more negatively charged parts of the drum surface. The result is that toner sticks to the drum where the laser beam has hit and is repelled from the areas where the laser beam has not hit.

What is the biggest advantage of virtualization?

fault/threat isolation - if a VM is compromised or infected, it can be killed without affecting other VMs or computers on the network - threats and complications are limited to a VM, which can be easily inspected and either fixed or deleted

6. fusing (laser printing process)

fuser assembly uses heat and pressure to fuse the toner to the paper. Up to this point, the toner is merely sitting on the paper. The fusing rollers apply heat to the paper, which causes the toner to melt, and the rollers apply pressure to bond the melted toner into the paper.

1. processing the image (laser printing process)

laser printer processes and prints an entire page at one time. The page comes to the printer encoded in a language the printer understands (bitmap), and the firmware inside the printer processes the incoming data to produce a bitmap (a bunch of bits in rows and columns) of the final page, which is stored in the printer's memory. One bitmap image is produced for monochrome images. For color images, one bitmap is produced for each of four colors. (The colors are blue, red, yellow, and black, better known as cyan, magenta, yellow, and black, and sometimes written as CMYK.)

step motor

moves the print head and ink cartridges across the paper using a carriage and belt to move the assembly and stabilizing bars to control the movement

host-only networking mode (configuring a VM network)

networking creates a network that is completely contained within the host computer. - provides a network connection between the virtual machine and the host system by using a virtual network adapter that is visible on the host operating system. - The VM will be assigned one IP, but it's only accessible by the box VM is running on. No other computers/VMs can access it. - used when you need to set up an isolated virtual network. - your virtual machine and the host virtual adapter are connected to a private Ethernet network. - VMs cannot communicate with each other

NAT networking mode (configuring a VM network)

networking in which a virtual machine does not have its own IP address on the external network. Instead, a separate private network is set up on the host system. - In the default configuration, a virtual machine gets an address on this private network from the virtual DHCP server. - The virtual machine and the host system share a single network identity that is not visible on the external network. - a separate private network is set up on the host computer. Your virtual machine gets an address on that network from the VMware virtual DHCP server. - will mask all network activity as if it came from your Host OS, although the VM can access external resources. - host machine acts as a NAT device - this networking mode is used when VMs are NOT accessed outside private network - most used VM network configuration

bridged networking mode (configuring VM network)

networking that connects a virtual machine to a network by using the network adapter on the host system - easiest way to give the virtual machine access to that network. - VM will be in the same network as your host, and can be accessed by all computers in your host network. - replicates another node on the physical network and your VM will receive it's own IP address if DHCP is enabled in the network. - VM has its own IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway from DHCP - the virtual machine is a full participant in the network. It has access to other machines on the network and can be contacted by other machines on the network as if it were a physical computer on the network. - VMs that must be available at a specific IP use this network mode

what type of device is a printer?

output device

first rule to troubleshooting printers

select the easiest/least invasive option first, then work forward

What is the biggest disadvantage of virtualization?

single point of failure - an entire network composed of VMs can rest within one server rack/workstation - should a problem occur on the server rack/workstation, the entire network is now down until it is resolved

2. charging or conditioning (laser printing process)

the imaging drum is conditioned by a roller that places a high uniform electrical charge of -600 V to -1000 V on the surface of the drum. The roller is called the primary charging roller or primary corona, which is charged by a high-voltage power supply assembly. For some printers, a corona wire is used instead of the charging roller to charge the drum. - the electrical charge is placed to condition the drum before an image is exposed to it

persistent VDI

the user owns the virtual desktop, which can be customized for the user and saved for future use. Each time the user signs on, he picks up the desktop where it left off the last time he signed off. - an approach to how VDI virtual desktop is received by thick, thin, or zero client

how is the writing/exposing process different for color laser printing than monochrome laser printing (black/grey)?

the writing process repeats four times, one for each toner color of cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. - Each color might require a separate image drum, although many color printers can use the same drum for all four colors. Then, the paper passes to the fusing stage, where the fuser bonds all toner to the paper and aids in blending the four tones to form specific colors.

Which type of hypervisor is more efficient?

type 1 hypervisor - no overhead or delay between the physical and logical computers

client-side virtualization (desktop virtualization)

when one computer provides multiple desktops for users. each virtual desktop is contained within its own virtual machine. within this, a hypervisor creates and manages VMs