CH12-13Quizzes
headache sleepiness increased respiratory rate
5-6% body weight loss leads to what symptoms?
true
Antidiuretic hormone is produced by the pituitary in response to dehydration.
true
Artichokes contain more potassium per serving than do eggs.
liver damage
Deficiency of choline is associated with ________ .
b12
Degeneration of nerves progressing to paralysis
10 to 20 minutes
Even with an SPF 15 to 30 sunscreen, sufficient vitamin D synthesis can be obtained in as little as ________ of sun exposure.
false
When iron concentrations become abnormally high, the spleen converts some ferritin into another storage protein called hemosiderin.
sodium
Which electrolyte is a cation?
legumes
Which food (or food group) contains phytates?
tofu
Which food offers the most calcium per serving?
halibut
Which food provides the most magnesium per serving?
sunflower seeds
Which food provides the most phosphorous per serving?
Cholecalciferol
Which form of vitamin D is derived from animals in the diet?
true
The most common cause of goiter is iodine deficiency.
pellagra
What niacin - deficiency disease produces the symptoms known as the "four Ds?"
true
Vitamin A participates in the conversion of light energy into nerve impulses at the retina.
microwaving
Vitamin B12 is easily inactivated by ________
Synthesis of collagen
Vitamin C is involved in the ________
lipids, oxidative, premature, hemolysis, vegetable, least
Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant, defending _____ and other components of the cells against ____ damage. Deficiencies are rare, but they do occur in ______ infants, the primary symptom being erythrocyte ______ Vitamin E is found predominantly in ______ oils and appears to be one of the toxic of the fat-soluble vitamins.
true
Vitamin E is widespread in foods.
prothrombin
Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of ________ and other clotting factors.
true
Vitamin K plays a critical role in coagulation.
false
Vitamins C and E both decrease risk of lung cancer.
retinal
What vitamin A compounds bind with opsin to form rhodopsin?
high
____ doses of Vitamin K can reduce the effectiveness of anticoagulant drugs.
true
capsaicin, found in hot peppers, modulates blood clotting.
Research examining the effects of fruit and vegetable consumption on chronic disease risk has shown ________
decreased risk of lung cancer for fruits but not vegetables
broccoli
hich food will provide the most vitamin C per serving?
thirst fatigue loss of appetite
1-2% body weight loss leads to what symptoms
dry mouth flushed skin apathy
3-4% body weight loss leads to what symptoms?
dizziness loss of balance collapse
7-10% body weight loss leads to what symptoms?
55%
A 35-year-old man consumed the following folate-containing foods for lunch: a sandwich made with 2 slices of fortified bread (14 μg natural, 48 μg synthetic) and 4 tablespoons peanut butter (47 μg); 1/2 cup carrot sticks (12 μg); an orange (48 μg); and 2 graham crackers (5 μg natural, 8 μg synthetic). What percentage of his RDA for folate did his lunch provide?
primary
A _______ deficiency in Vitamin K is rare.
5
A person whose RDA for protein is 45 grams consumes 75 grams of protein in a day. How many niacin equivalents does this represent? Niacin equivalents:
blood clotting
A primary role of Vitamin K is _______.
40 year old man: 8.8 c 27 year old female:13.2 c
A sedentary 40-year-old male and a 27-year-old female professional basketball player each expend 2200 kcal per day. Calculate the water recommendation in cups based on energy expenditure for these two individuals.
false
A slight manganese overload may aggravate a calcium deficiency.
banana
A(n) ________ is the best source of B6 per kcalorie.
true
Above 40° north latitude (and below 40° south latitude in the southern hemisphere), vitamin D synthesis essentially ceases for the 4 months of winter.
bone fractures
Adequate amounts of Vitamin K protect against ___
false
Among the best sources of phosphorus are bananas.
true
An individual who has lost fluids equivalent to 3% to 4% of his or her body weight may experience impaired physical performance.
75%
As much as ________ of the sodium in people's diets comes from salt added to foods by manufacturers.
false
Beta-carotene serves as a vitamin D precursor.
six
Blood indicators of beneficial bone activity are apparent ________ weeks after a person quits smoking.
choline
Body odor, liver damage
constipation
Calcium: Toxicity Symptoms
false
Cancers arise when cellular RNA is damaged—sometimes by free-radical attacks.
renin
Cells in the kidneys respond to low blood pressure by releasing an enzyme called ________ .
true
Chloride is the major anion of the extracellular fluids.
vomiting
Chloride: Toxicity Symptoms
true
Chromium is an essential mineral that participates in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
biotin
Coenzyme carries activated carbon dioxide
folate
Coenzyme complex that transfers 1-carbon compounds from metabolic reactions
niacin
Coenzymes NAD and NADP that carry hydrogen ions in energy-transfer reactions
binders
Compounds found in foods that combine with nutrients to form complexes that cannot be absorbed with the body
40
Cortical bone losses typically begin at about what age?
7-10
Delirium, exhaustion, and collapse can result when ____ percent of body weight has been lost due to dehydration
d3
Derived from animals in the diet or made in the skin
d2
Derived from plants in the diet
foods
Dietary supplements are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration as ________ .
true
Eat sweet potatoes, not corn, to meet your vitamin A needs.
major minerals
Essential nutrients required in larger quantities
trace minerals
Essential nutrients required in less than 100 mg per day
true
Excess lead in the blood deranges the structure of red blood cell membranes, making them leaky and fragile.
true
Flaxseeds are a source of omega-3 fatty acids.
false
Fluoride acts as a cofactor for many enzymes that facilitate the metabolism of carbohydrate, lipids, and amino acids.
esophageal
Foods rich in vitamin C seem to protect against certain types of cancers, especially ________ cancer.
Calcidiol
Found in the blood, made from calciol in the liver
true
Heme iron is found only in foods derived from the flesh of animals, such as meats, poultry, and fish.
signals the thyroid gland to secrete calcitonin
High blood calcium ________
22.5
Ideally, how much weight would you expect a normal-weight woman to have gained by the 32nd week of pregnancy?
313%
If 3 oz. of liver provides 6,582 μg RAE, what percentage of the RDA for vitamin A does an adult female receive from 1 oz. of liver? RDA:
396.5 μg, 3000 μg.
If a carrot has 7,930 IU of beta-carotene, approximately how many μg RAE does it provide? If a supplement contains 20,000 IU of beta-carotene, approximately how many μg RAE does it provide? Carrot μg RAE: Supplement μg RAE:
true
In the brain, vitamin D protects against cognitive decline and slows the progression of Parkinson disease.
true
Infants are born with a sterile intestinal tract and it takes weeks for vitamin K-producing bacteria to become established.
sterile
Infants are injected with Vitamin K shortly after birth because they are born with a ____ intestinal tract.
false
Iron deficiency is also called iron-deficiency anemia.
true
Iron deficiency is also called iron-deficiency anemia.
calcitriol
Made from calcidiol in the kidneys; also known as active vitamin D
folate
Mental confusion, elevated homocysteine
true
More than half of the body's magnesium is in the bones.
true
Most of the trace minerals are toxic at intakes only two and a half to eleven times above the estimated requirements.
true
Night blindness is one of the first detectable signs of vitamin A deficiency and permits early diagnosis.
alpha-tocopherol
Of all the members of the vitamin E family, only ________ is maintained in the body and can meet the body's needs for the vitamin.
acid form
Retinoid acid (o on top with double bond to C, single bond to OH on the side
beef liver
One ounce of ________ provides more than three times the RDA for vitamin A
false
Only 10% of the body's calcium is in the body fluids
true
Osteoporosis affects an estimated 52 million people in the United States.
phosphorus
Overconsumption of _______ can lead to calcification of non-skeletal tissues
Phosphorus
Overconsumption of_____ can led to calcification of nonskeletal tissues.
thiamin
Part of coenzyme TPP that assists in energy metabolism
riboflavin
Part of coenzymes FMN and FAD that carry hydrogen ions
true
Pizza is 40% to 49% water.
muscular weakness
Potassium: Toxicity Symptoms
false
Primary deficiency of vitamin E is quite common.
Beriberi
Prolonged thiamin deficiency can result in ________ .
biovailability
Rate at and the extent of nutrient absorption and use
Aldehyde form
Retinal form of vitamin A (H on top, single bond to carbon, double bond to O).
b6
Scaly dermatitis
true
Selenium deficiency is associated with Keshan disease, a disease of the heart.
edema
Sodium: Toxicity Symptoms
true
Some minerals, such as calcium, must have carriers to be absorbed and transported.
Vitamin C amounts for
Supports metabolism 30 Saturates tissues 100 UL for adults 2000
tolerable upper intake levels
The Committee on Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) addresses the possibility of adverse effects from high doses of nutrients by establishing ________
measels
The World Health Organization and UNICEF recommend two doses of vitamin A supplements, given 24 hours apart, for all children with ________ .
hydrogen
The acidity of the body's fluids is determined by the concentration of ________ ions.
true
The average sodium intake in the United States is 3400 milligrams, which exceeds the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for adults.
true
The chemical reactions of the body's buffer system are controlled primarily by the lungs and kidneys.
erythrocyte hemolysis
The classic sign of vitamin E deficiency is ______
vitamin c & b
The hydrophilic vitamins include ________ .
calbindin
The production of ________ , a protein that binds calcium in the intestinal cells, slows as a result of a vitamin D deficiency.
Bioavailability
The rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used is referred to as its ________ .
vitamins, deficiency, optimal
The______are essential nutrients needed in tiny amounts in the diet both to prevent ____ diseases and to support _____health.
sulfate
There is no RDA for ____ due to its prevalence in protein foods
sulfate
There is no RDA for _____ due to its prevalence in protein foods.
false
Thirst and satiety influence water intake in response to changes sensed by the mouth, hippocampus, and nerves.
40%
Unless the label states otherwise, supplements of calcium carbonate are ________ calcium.
true
Unlike vitamins, minerals are inorganic elements that always retain their chemical identity.
false
Water constitutes about 75 percent of an adult's body weight.
compounds found in foods that combine with nutrients to form complexes that cannot be absorbed with the body
What are binders?
essential nutrients required in large quanitities
What are major minerals?
essential nutrients required in less than 100 mg per day
What are trace minerals?
pernicious anemia
What disease is associated with a deficiency of B12?
scurvy
What disease results from a vitamin C deficiency?
milk and milk products
What foods provide the greatest contributions of riboflavin
retinoic acid
Which vitamin A compounds act like hormones, regulating cell differentiation, growth, and embryonic development?
production of red blood cells falters
With a folate deficiency, the ________ .
isotretinoin, which is made from Vitamin A, is effective against cystic acne
With respect to acne, ________
true
Without vitamin E, the red blood cells break and spill their contents.
osteocalcin
Without vitamin K, ________ cannot bind to the minerals that normally form bones, resulting in low bone density.
20%
Women may lose up to ________ of their bone mass during the 6 to 8 years following menopause.
true
Worldwide, iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency.
false
Worldwide, the prevalence of the vitamin K−deficiency disease rickets is extremely high.
true
Zinc participates in the synthesis, storage, and release of insulin.
true
though called a vitamin, the active form of vitamin D is actually a hormone.
identify the main roles, deficiency symptoms, and sources for vitamin d
vitamin D can be synthesized in the body with the help of sunlight or obtained from some foods, most notably fortified milk. Vitamin D sends signals to three primary target sites: the GI tract to absorb more calcium phosphorous, the bones to relate more, and the kidneys to retain more. These actions maintain blood calcium concentrations and support bone formation. deficiency causes rickets in childhood and osteomalacia in later life.
Identify the main roles, deficiency symptoms, and food sources for vitamin E
vitamin E acts as an antioxidant, defending lipids and other components of the cells against oxidative damage. Deficiencies are rare, but they do occur in premature infants, the primary symptom being erythrocyte hemolysis. Vitamin E is found predominately in vegetable oils and appears to be one of the leas toxic of the fat-soluble vitamins.
Identify the main roles, deficiency symptoms, and sources for vitamin K.
vitamin K helps with blood clotting, and its deficiency causes hemorrhagic, disease (uncontrolled bleeding). Bacteria in the GI tract can make the vitamins people typically achieve about half of their requirements from bacterial synthesis and half from foods such as green vegetables and vegetable oils. Because people depend on bacterial synthesis for vitamin K, deficiency is most likely in newborn infants and people taking antibiotics.
identify the main roles, deficiency symptoms, and food sources for vitamin A
vitamin a is found in the body in three forms: retinol, retinal, and retinonic acid. Together, they are essential to vision, healthy epithelial tissues, and growth. Vitamin A deficiency is a major health problem worldwide, leading to infections, blindness, and keratinization. Toxicity can also cause problems and is most often associated with supplement abuse. Animal derived foods such as liver and whole or fortified milk provide retinoids, whereas brightly colored plant-derived foods such as spinach, carrots, and pumpkins beta-carotene and other carotenoids. in addition to serving as a persecutor for vitamin A, beta carotene acts as an antioxidant in the body.