Ch13.

Just comparing the earnings of women to men, women earn about __ cents for every dollar a man earns in their first year out of college.

82

__ educates participants about cultural differences with the goal of improving teamwork.

Diversity training

He and his colleagues interviewed 8,000 managers and concluded that it is important to focus on a person's strengths, not their weaknesses.

Donald Clifton

scientific management

Douglas McGregor

These studies also examined how human interaction factors, such as supervisorial style, enhanced or decreased productivity.

Elton Mayo

__ are concepts or beliefs that the management or the entire organization endorses.

Espoused values

someone with a doctorate will earn over $__

110,000

the employee's appraisal derives from a combination of ratings by supervisors, peers, employees supervised by the employee, and from the employee herself.

360-degree feedback appraisal

In the __ approach to management, managers assume that most people dislike work and are not innately self-directed.

Theory X

increase in performance of individuals who are noticed, watched, and paid attention to by researchers or supervisors

Hawthorne effect

__ (2003) identify three layers in organizational culture: observable artifacts, espoused values, and basic assumptions.

Ostroff, Kinicki, and Tamkins

Supervision and feedback

Support, recognition, fairness

police or FBI SWAT team handling a hostage situation

Tactical teams

which are traits of an individual that are fundamental to her identity, in hiring, benefits, promotions, or termination of employees.

immutable characteristics

Workload

Time pressure, tedium

Who is responsible for enforcing federal laws that make it illegal to discriminate against a job applicant?

U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

age in an interview? Did you know that an employer cannot ask you whether you are married, a U.S. citizen, have disabilities, or what your race or religion is? They cannot even ask questions that might shed some light on these attributes, such as where you were born or who you live with. These are only a few of the restrictions that are in place to prevent discrimination in hiring. In the United States, federal anti-discrimination laws are administered by the __

U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).

Who was the first psychologist to use psychology in advertising?

Walter Dill Scott

Industrial and organizational psychologists work in four main contexts: __, government, consulting firms, and business.

academia

Gilbreth investigated employee fatigue and time management stress and found many employees were motivated by money and __

job satisfaction

Which practice is an example of Theory X management? telecommuting flextime keystroke monitoring team meetings

keystroke monitoring

A significant portion of I-O research focuses on __.

management and human relations

Most I-O psychologists have a __'s or doctorate degree.

master

Research has suggested that the work-content factor, which includes variety, difficulty level, and __, is the most strongly predictive factor of overall job satisfaction

role clarity of the job

Job satisfaction is impacted by the work itself, our __, and the culture we come from and live in

personality

Eagly, Johannesen-Schmidt, & van Engen (2003) found that women tended to exhibit the characteristics of __, while men were more likely to be transactional leaders.

transformational leadership

__approaches are more effective than transactional approaches, although individual leaders typically exhibit elements of both approaches.

transformational leadership

possess four attributes to varying degrees: They are charismatic (highly liked role models), inspirational (optimistic about goal attainment), intellectually stimulating (encourage critical thinking and problem solving), and considerate (Bass, Avolio, & Atwater, 1996).

transformational leadership

interviewer may ask different questions of each different candidate.

unstructured interview

Which of the following is the most strongly predictive factor of overall job satisfaction? financial rewards personality autonomy work content

work content

which bring together diverse skills, experience, and expertise. This is in contrast to organizational structures that have individuals at their base

work teams

Many people juggle the demands of work life with the demands of their home life, whether it be caring for children or taking care of an elderly parent; this is known as __.

work-family balance

Age has been determined to be a __ for airline pilots; hence, there are mandatory retirement ages for safety reasons. Sex has been determined as a _ for guards in male prisons.

bona fide occupational qualifications (BFOQs)

Clearcut examples of __ would be hiring someone of a specific religion for a leadership position in a worship facility, or for an executive position in religiously affiliated institutions, such as the president of a university with religious ties

bona fide occupational qualifications (BFOQs)

The Civil Rights Act and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act make provisions for __,

bona fide occupational qualifications (BFOQs)

__, the knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) that the job requires are identified.

job specification

Federal legislation does not protect employees in the private sector from discrimination related to __and gender identity.

sexual orientation

Job stress affects job satisfaction. Job stress, or job __, is caused by specific stressors in an occupation.

strain

McDaniel, Whetzel, Schmidt & Maurer (1994) found that __ were more effective at predicting subsequent job performance of the job candidate.

structured interview

the interviewer asks the same questions of every candidate

structured interview

__ of 1990 states people may not be discriminated against due to the nature of their disability.

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Which test designed for the Army was used for recruits who were not fluent in English?

Army Beta

What caused industrial psychologists to begin working with the military? A. 9/11 terrorist attacks B. U.S. entry into WWI C. U.S. entry into WWII D. U.S. involvement in Vietnam

B. U.S. entry into WWI

__'s contribution to industrial psychology is largely reflected in his founding of a psychological consulting company, which is still operating today called the Psychological Corporation, and in the accomplishments of students at Columbia in the area of industrial psychology.

Cattell

design teams for car manufacturers create new vehicle models.

Creative teams

Which of the following is nota reason that mentoring is particularly important to the career success of women? A. It creates connections to informal networks. B. It helps women adopt a style of interaction that male managers are comfortable with. C. It helps women overcome discrimination in job promotions. D. It provides a male authority figure for women.

D. It provides a male authority figure for women.

Work demands

Extra work requirements, insecurity of position

Communication

Feedback

idea to put shelves inside on refrigerator doors, and she also came up with the concept of using a foot pedal to operate the lid of trash can

Gilbreth

worked to make workers more efficient by reducing the number of motions required to perform a task.

Gilbreth

Autonomy

Individual responsibility, control over decisions

industrial, organizational, and human factors

Industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology

__also conducted research on the effects of various leadership styles, team structure, and team dynamics

Kurt Lewin

provides five possible answers to a statement or question that allows respondents to indicate their positive-to-negative strength of agreement or strength of feeling regarding the question or statement.

Likert scale

published Psychology and Industrial Efficiency, which covered topics such as employee selection, employee training, and effective advertising.

Münsterberg

Growth and development

Personal growth, training, education

the diagnostic teams at the Centers for Disease Control.

Problem resolution teams

__ refers to the fairness of the processes by which outcomes are determined in conflicts with or among employees.

Procedural justice

Coworkers

Professional relations or adequacy

__ means you give something to get something, and it refers to a situation in which organizational rewards are offered in exchange for sexual favors.

Quid pro quo

Financial rewards

Salary and benefits

__(2002) suggests that the concept of job satisfaction measurements have combined both emotional and cognitive concepts, and measurements would be more reliable and show better relationships with outcomes like performance if the measurement of job satisfaction separated these two possible elements of job satisfaction.

Weiss

Variety, challenge, role clarity

Work content

__was the president of the 25-year-old American Psychological Association (APA)

Yerkes

Which of the following items is not a part of KSAs? aspiration knowledge skill other abilities

aspiration

__ generally are unobservable and unquestioned. Researchers have developed survey instruments to measure organizational culture.

basic assumptions

Human factors psychology

ergonomics

part-time postal worker with a troubled work history walked into the Edmond, Oklahoma, post office and shot and killed 15 people, including himself. From his action, the term "__" was coined, describing a troubled employee who engages in extreme violence.

going postal

Which area of I-O psychology measures job satisfaction?

organizational psychology

Which is one effect of the team halo effect? teams appear to work better than they do teams never fail teams lead to greater job satisfaction teams boost productivity

teams appear to work better than they do

__ is the study of how workers interact with the tools of work and how to design those tools to optimize workers' productivity, safety, and health.

Human factors psychology

of a desk, chair, and computer to a human having to sit on the chair at the desk using the computer for several hours each day.

Human factors psychology

a supervisor might request an action, such as a kiss or a touch, in exchange for a promotion, a positive performance review, or a pay raise.

Quid pro quo

In 2012, people who worked in the United States spent an average of __hours per week working

56.4

On average, a person with a master's degree in industrial-organizational psychology will earn over $__ a year

80,000

In 1966, Lillian Gilbreth received the ________ from the American Society of Civil Engineers. A. Hoover Medal B. Pulitzer Prize C. Purple Heart D. Woman of the Year award

A. Hoover Medal

Who wrote Psychology and Industrial Efficiency? A. Hugo Münsterberg B. James Cattell C. Lillian Gilbreth D. Walter Dill Scott

A. Hugo Münsterberg

Who founded the psychological consulting firm called Psychological Corporation? A. James Cattell B. Robert Yerkes C. Walter Bingham D. Walter Dill Scott

A. James Cattell

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Using time and motion studies, Lillian and Frank Gilbreth tried to make workers more efficient by reducing the number of people required to perform a task. A. Eliminate the words "and Frank." B. The word "people" should be changed to the word "motions." C. The word "reducing" should be changed to the word "increasing." D. The word "workers" should be changed to the word "management.

B. The word "people" should be changed to the word "motions."

When did the discipline of industrial-organizational psychology emerge? A. 18th century B. 19th century C. 20th century D. 21st century

C. 20th century

Who wrote The Psychology of Management: The Function of the Mind in Determining, Teaching, and Installing Methods of Least Waste? A. Frank Gilbreth B. James Cattell C. Lillian Gilbreth D. Walter Dill Scott

C. Lillian Gilbreth

Several influential early psychologists studied issues that today would be categorized as industrial psychology, including James Cattell, Hugo Münsterberg, and Walter Dill Scott, who were all students of ________. A. Frederick Taylor B. Lillian Gilbreth C. Wilhelm Wundt D. Wolfgang Köhler

C. Wilhelm Wundt

Promotion

Career advancement opportunity

Lillian Gilbreth, a psychologist who conducted early research in the area of industrial psychology, conducted her research at ________ University. A. Columbia B. Dartmouth C. Harvard D. Purdue

D. Purdue

Harassment does not have to be sexual; it may be related to any of the protected classes in the statutes regulated by the

EEOC: race, national origin, religion, or age.

__ (1990) conducted a meta-analysis to examine gender and leadership style.They found, to a slight but significant degree, that women tend to practice an interpersonal style of leadership (i.e., she focuses on the morale and welfare of the employees) and men practice a task-oriented style (i.e., he focuses on accomplishing tasks).

Eagly & Johnson

Job satisfaction

Edwin Locke

__ is a branch of psychology that studies how human behavior and psychology affect work and how they are affected by work.

Industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology

__ is concerned with describing job requirements and assessing individuals for their ability to meet those requirements.

Industrial psychology

__ professionals are involved in design from the beginning of a project,

Human factor

This allows the I-O psychologist to access previous analyses for nearly any type of occupation.

O*Net

__ are the symbols, language (jargon, slang, and humor), narratives (stories and legends), and practices (rituals) that represent the underlying cultural assumptions.

Observable artifacts

encompasses the values, visions, hierarchies, norms, and interactions among its employees. It is how an organization is run, how it operates, and how it makes decisions

Organizational culture

__ is a discipline interested in how the relationships among employees affect those employees and the performance of a business.

Organizational psychology

management, leadership, and organizational culture, as well as how an organization's structures, management and leadership styles, social norms, and role expectations affect individual behavior. As a result of its interest in worker wellbeing and relationships, organizational psychology also considers the subjects of harassment, including sexual harassment, and workplace violence

Organizational psychology

is an example of a tactical team.

Tactical teams

The Principles of Scientific Management

Taylor

_ supervisors will ignore employees' suggestions for improved efficiency and reprimand employees for speaking out of order. These supervisors blame efficiency failures on individual employees rather than the systems or policies in place.

Theory X

__workplaces will often have employees punch a clock when arriving and leaving the workplace: Tardiness is punished.

Theory X

__ in action is the policy of Toyota production lines that allows any employee to stop the entire line if a defect or other issue appears, so that the defect can be fixed and its cause remedied

Theory Y approach

__, managers assume that most people seek inner satisfaction and fulfillment from their work.

Theory Y approach

the focus is on supervision and organizational goals, which are achieved through a system of rewards and punishments (i.e., transactions). Transactional leaders maintain the status quo: They are managers.

transactional leadership

these studies examine how groups of geographically disparate people brought together using digital communications technology function, it is more common due to the growing globalization of organizations and the use of consulting and partnerships facilitated by digital communication.

virtual team