CH.22

1. direct observation of evolutionary change 2. Fossil record 3. Homology 4. Biogeography

1. development of drug resistance in bacteria 2. discovery of transitional forms of horses discovery of shells of extinct species 3.same genetic code in fireflies and tobacco plants vestigial pelvis in right whales similarities in mammalian forelimbs 4. similarity of endemic island species to nearby mainland species the high concentration of marsupial species in Australia

A farmer wishes to develop a strain of high-yield corn that is also resistant to drought. He has the following individuals from the current year's crop: Individual A—Yield: 179 bushels/acre; drought resistance: high Individual B—Yield: 220 bushels/acre; drought resistance: low Individual C—Yield: 185 bushels/acre; drought resistance: medium Individual D—Yield: 140 bushels/acre; drought resistance: high Individual E—Yield: 200 bushels/acre; drought resistance: medium Which of the following crosses would produce the highest corn yield with the highest resistance to drought?

A and E

Which of the following organisms could be produced by artificial selection?

A cow that produces a large quantity of milk.

Which pair of chickens should a farmer breed to produce larger chickens?

Large hen, large rooster

Acclimatization (acclimation) and adaptation are two important concepts in biology. A common misconception is that these two terms are synonyms and can be used interchangeably. However, several differences exist between these concepts. Sort each description to align with the appropriate concept.

Acclimation-physiological adjustment to change, occurs at the level of the individual, occurs within a single generation. Adaptation-genetic change over time, requires multiple generations, occurs at the level of a population.

Which term describes a trait that increases an individual's ability to survive in a particular environment?

Adaptation

Based on the video and what you know about natural selection, which of the following must be true if evolution is the explanation for what the Grants have observed over time on Daphne? Select all that apply.

Beak depth and length must affect survival and/or reproduction of birds. Beak depth and length must be heritable. Beak depth and length must show variation among individuals of a single species.

A group of small fish live in a lake with a uniformly light-brown sandy bottom. Most of the fish are light brown, but about 10 are mottled. This fish species is often prey for large birds that live on the shore. A construction company dumps a load of gravel in the bottom of the lake, giving it a mottled appearance. Which of these statements presents the most accurate prediction of what will happen to this fish population?

The proportion of mottled fish will increase over time

chromosomes: first: foot: both, double, two: joint: behind: same:

ploid prim- -pod amphi- arthr- post- (or postero-) homo- (or homeo-)

first: many: other: equal: father: same: true, good: with or together with:

proto- poly- allo- equi- pater (or patr-) sym- eu- Co-

G. Fortis(F) G. magnirostris(M) Big Bird(B)

(G) Individuals with large beaks die, Beaks become smaller in the population (M) Most individuals thrive, Beaks remain large in the population (B) Many individuals outcompete smaller birds for larger birds. Beaks remain the same size, and the population fills a larger niche, eating a greater variety of seeds.

1. The beak length of G. fortis ranges from approximately -- to -- mm. 2. The mean beak depth of G. magnirostris is about -- mm. 3. Based on beak dimensions, -- likely eat the largest, hardest seeds. 4. Big Birds likely eat seeds that are larger than the seeds that --- eat and smaller than the seeds that --- eat. 5. A bird with a very long, shallow beak (like a hummingbird) would appear on the graph in the

1. 8, 12 2. 18 3. G. magnirostris 4. G. fortis, G. magnirostris 5. Lower Right Quadrant

The island fox shares a common ancestor with the gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, which is found on the mainland. Both species have similar coloration and a diploid chromosome number of 66. One structural difference between the two species is the reduced size of the island fox, a feature known as dwarfism. The various island subspecies also differ from each other in size, number of tail vertebrae, and other characteristics. The phylogenetic tree below shows the evolutionary relationships between the island fox subspecies and the gray fox. Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the tree.

A. Ancestor of gray foxes and island foxes B. Ancestor of Santa Rosa and San Miguel foxes C. Dwarfism D. Ancestor of northern channel foxes E. Most closely related F. Ancestor of southern channel foxes G. Ancestor of island foxes H. Ancestor of Santa Catalina and San Clemente foxes

Which of the following statements best describes Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?

Darwin's theory emphasized that populations vary and change over time.

Survival of populations through climate change demands biogeographic shifts, adaptation of populations, or local acclimatization of individuals. The results of this study show that acclimatization can allow A. hyacinthus corals to acquire substantial high-temperature resistance over a timespan shorter than can allow for evolutionary change. This study opens other research questions illustrating how science perpetuates science.

Do all coral species have equal acclimatization ability in temperatures that exceed normal temperatures? Do multiple stressors (for example, pH and temperature change) reduce the ability of corals to respond to environmental change? Is there an upper water temperature limit to acclimatization or adaptation?

Given what you know about the birds on Daphne, predict what would happen to the native species with each type of colonizing finch. Assume that the colonizing bird is superior to the native birds at foraging.

G. Fortis- Getting larger over generations. The native species begins to overlap somewhat with Big Birds in morphological space. G. magnirostris- Native birds with genes for larger beaks starve. Getting smaller over generations. G. Scandens- Native birds starve. The native species goes extinct on the island.

Which term describes the ability of a trait to be passed on to offspring?

Heritability

Some monkey flowers (Mimulus guttatus) living near the sites of copper mines can grow in soil containing high concentrations of copper, which is toxic to most plants. Copper tolerance is a heritable trait. The map below shows the area near an old copper mine, which contaminated the nearby soil with copper. A stream flows past the mine toward the lake at the bottom right of the map.

Nearly 100% of monkey flowers growing in copper-contaminated soil are copper tolerant. If you were to test monkey flowers growing on the shore of the lake, you would expect nearly 100% of them to be copper tolerant. The population that existed before mining must have included both copper-tolerant and copper-intolerant plants.

Which of the following statements best describes Linnaeus' method of classifying organisms?

Linnaeus grouped organisms into increasingly more inclusive categories.

This study compared chlorophyll retention in coral colonies exposed to experimental heat stress with chlorophyll retention in non-stressed controls. Figure 1 in the paper shows the results under different conditions. Corals were tested in their native pools—highly variable (HV) or moderately variable (MV). In addition, HV corals were transplanted to MV pools, and MV corals were transplanted to HV pools. In Figure 1, the x-axis shows the fraction of chlorophyll measured in colonies after heat stress divided by the amount of chlorophyll measured in colonies of the same coral not exposed to heat stress. If a heated coral experienced no bleaching at all, the ratio was 1.0. The smaller the fraction, the more bleaching (loss of chlorophyll) that occurred under heat stress. The y-axis shows the frequency of corals with each level of bleaching.

MV corals transplanted to the HV pool (Panel D) retained more chlorophyll in heat stress experiments than corals native to the HV pool (Panel C). Answer- not supported by the data

Which of the following statements about natural selection is true?

Natural selection favors individuals that reproduce more than others.

Among the many threats to water quality posed by human activities is the burning of fossil fuels, which releases CO2 into the atmosphere. The resulting increase in atmospheric CO2 has caused global warming and other climate change-related issues like ocean acidification. Why is this study about corals' response to warmer water important?

This research shows that sensitive organisms, such as marine coral, can acclimatize to become more tolerant of climate change over a timespan shorter than can allow for evolutionary change.

Darwin proposed the mechanism of natural selection to explain the observable patterns of evolution. He based his argument for natural selection on two observations and two inferences: Observation #1: Members of a population often vary in their inherited traits. Observation #2: All species can produce more offspring than their environment can support, and many of those offspring fail to survive and reproduce. Inference #1: Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals do. Inference #2: The unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations.

Variation in a population- Some corals can survive heat exposure that other corals of the same species cannot. Differential survival and reproduction- Corals native to highly variable pools were more resistant to bleaching than corals transplanted to highly variable pools from moderately variable pools. Adaptation- Corals native to the highly variable pools have different alleles and express some genes at a different level than corals from moderately variable pools.

Which one of the following researchers developed a theory of evolution that was very similar to Charles Darwin's?

Wallace