Ch.3 Micro Objectives

Describe endoflagella

flagella at both ends that spiral tightly around the cell

Describe cytoplasm

gelatinous material inside the cell composed of cytosol, inclusions, ribosomes, and a cytoskeleton

What is the function of chloroplast?

light harvesting structures found in photosythetic eukaryotes

What is the structure of bacterial flagella?

long structures that extend beyond the surface of a cell and its glycocalyx

Explain the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure

membrane proteins are arranged in a way that resembles the tiles in a mosaic, the proteins and lipids are free to flow laterally within a membrane

What is the evidence of endosymbiotic theory?

mitochondria and chloroplasts divide independently of the cell but remain dependent on the cell for most of their proteins.

What is the structure and function of ribosomes?

nonmembranous organelles, composed of 60S and 40S subunits, attached to the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum

What is the function of archael fimbriae?

nonmotile, rodlike, sticky projections that anchor the cells to one another and to environmental surfaces

Name the membranous organelles

nucleus, ER, golgi body, lysosome, peroxisome, vesicle, vacuole, mitochondria, and chloroplast

Describe Group translocation

occurs only in some bacteria, the substance that is being transported is chemically changed during transport; active process that requires energy

Describe Osmosis

passive; diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Describe facilitated diffusion

passive;proteins facilitate the movement of certain molecules down their concentration gradient.

What is the function of mitochondria?

powerhouses of the cell because they produce ATP

What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

presence of numerous membranous organelles in eukaryotes

What is an inclusion?

reserve deposits of lipids, starch, or compounds containing nitrogen, phosphate, or sulfur

Name the nonmembranous organelles

ribosomes, cytoskeleton, and centrioles

What is the function of the Golgi body?

shipping department; recieves, processes, and packages large molecules for export

What is the structure and function of ribosomes?

sites of protein synthesis. composed of two subunits

What is the structure and function of fimbriae?

sticky, bristlelike projections to adhere to one another and to substances in the environment

What is the function of a lysosome, peroxisome, vacuoles, and vesicles?

store and transfer chemicals within eukaryotic cells

Describe Active Transport

substances transported through gated channels; requires energy

Describe the endosymbiotic theory

suggest that eukaryotes formed from the union of small aerobic prokaryotes with larger anaerobic prokaryotes

Describe the role of pseudopodia in eukaryotic cells

surround the substance and bring it into the cell

What is the function of the nucleus?

the control center of the cell, contains most of the cells genetic instructions in the form of DNA

What is the function of bacterial flagella?

to propel the cell though its environment

What is the function of the ER?

transport system and is found in smooth ER and rough ER. SER=lipid synthesis; RER=protein sythesis

What are the three filaments of a eukaryotic cytoskeleton?

tubulin microtubules, actin, and intermediate filaments

List 4 bacterial flagellar arrangements

1. Peritrichous 2. Polar 3. endoflagella 4. lophotrichous

Compare and contrast archael flagella with bacterial flagella

Archael flagella are about half the diameter, lack a central channel, share common amino acid sequences through the species, powered by ATP, rotate together in both directions

Describe the structure of archael glycocalyces

Archael- gelatinous, sticky, composed of polysaccharides, polypeptides or both; none shown to be pathogenic

compare and contrast the cell walls of acid-fast bacteria with typical gram+ cell walls

Both are gram +. Acid fast techniques are for cells with a thick layer of waxy lipids.

Contrast the cytoplasm of archea with bacteria

Both have 70S ribosomes, a fibrous cytoskeleton, and circular DNA suspended in a liquid cytosol, no membranous organelles

Distinguish between capsules and slime layers

Capsules are firmly attached to the cell surface (boston baked bean) Slime layer is loose and water-soluble (Goobers)

What are the common shapes of bacteria?

Cocci (single sphere), streptococci (clusters of spheres), bacilli (rod shaped)

Describe the function of eukaryotic glycocalyces

Function as an anchor to animal cells, provides protection from dehydration

Contrast exocytosis and endocytosis

Endocytosis brings materials into the cell while exocytosis pushes materials out of the cell, soley eukaryotic

Describe the clinical application of a gram - cell wall

Gram - cells contain lipid A. Lipid A releases endotoxin on death that causes fever, vasodilation, inflammation, shock and blood clotting

Compare and Contrast walls of Gram-+ and Gram - cells

Gram+ cells have a thick wall above the membrane. Gram- cells only have a cell membrane

What are the four major processes of living cells?

Growth, Reproduction, Responsiveness, and Metabolism

Distinguish between Isotonic, Hypertonic, and Hypotonic

Isotonic is when a substance is equally distributed. Hyptertonic is when the substance is in a higher concentration (food coloring in the dropper). Hypotonic is when the solution has a lower concentration of the solution (water in the bowl has one drop of food coloring that has dissolved)

What is the structure and function of pili?

Longer than fimbriae and usually shorter than flagella, typically one, transfers DNA for reproduction

Describe Diffusion

Passive; the net movement of chemical down its concentration gradient; requires no energy output

Describe Polar Flagella

Polar=monotrichous One flagella on one end

Compare and Contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus or organelles. Eukaryotes have a nucleus and compartmentalized organelles

What is the function of a glycocalyces?

Protect the cell from desication, adhesion to surfaces, prevent bacteria from being recognized or devoured by defensive cells of host

What are hami?

Unique proteinaceous, fimbriae-like structures; more than 100 radiate from the surface, look like grappling hooks and function to securely attach archaea to biological and inanimate surfaces

Describe lophotrichous

a tuft of polar flagella

What is an Endospore and what is its importance?

a vegetative cell that is lacking one or more nutrients. defensive strategy against hostile or unfavorable conditions. resistant to drying, heat, radiation, and lethal chemicals

What is the structure and function of centrioles?

animal and some fungi contain two centrioles which lie at right angels to the nucleus, play a rolein mitosis and the formation of flagella and cilia

Contrast the archael cytoplasmic membrane with bacteria

both types of membranes maintain electrical and chemical gradients in the cell, controls the import and export of substances

Compare and Contrast eukaryotic cilia and flagella

cells have hundredes of Cilia to propel itself, flagella have few projections

What is the structure and function of cytoskeletons?

composed of an internal network of fibers and tubules; acts to anchor organelles and functions in cytoplasmic streaming and in movement of organelles within the cytosol

What is the composition of a glycocalyces?

composed of polysaccharides, polypeptides or both

Describe carchael cell walls

composed of specialized proteins or polysaccharides, coats the cell like chain mail; LACK peptidoglycan. Stain like bacteria when gram+ or gram -

Describe the sugar and peptide portions of peptidoglycan

composed of two types of regularly alternating sugar molecules called NAG and NAM

Describe the structure and function of cilia

composed primarily of tubulin microtubules; no prokaryotic cells have cilia; propels single celled eukaryotes or move substances in the local environment

Describe the structure and formation of archael flagella

consists of a basal body, hook, and filament each composed of protein; rotates like a propeller

What is the structure and function of cytoskeleton?

contain internal network of fibers, role in forming a cell's basic shape

Describe the functions of a cytoplasmic membrane

controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell, functions in producing molecules for energy storage and for harvesting light

Describe Peritrichous flagella

covers the surface of the cell

Compare and contrast the structure and function of prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella

eukaryotic flagella are within the cytoplasmic membrane and the shaft is composed of molecules of a globular protein called tubulin; don't rotate like prokaryotic flagella, they undulate rhythmically