CH4 Economics

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about class mobility.

1. 39 2. 68 3. 82 4. 4 5. stayed the same

Place the groups in order from highest to lowest median household income in 2016

1. Asian Americans 2. Whites 3. Hispanics 4. Blacks

One way to assess whether affirmative action has helped is to compare firms that contract with the federal government (and thereby are subjected to federally mandated affirmative action programs) with those that do not.

1. increased by 25 percent 2. 20 percent more 3. 20,000 4. equally

After World War II, the standard of living improved for African Americans as a result of New Deal policies, industrialization, and, later, affirmative action programs.

1. manufacturing 2. deindustrialization 3. service 4. whites 5. Ronald Regan

Employment practices without affirmative action are more merit based than those with it.

Everyday hiring and promotion is riddled with racial and gender discrimination.

Nonwhites are disadvantaged in terms of lower wages and higher unemployment rates because they don't have the necessary schooling or skills to compete in today's economy. If nonwhites had the same training as whites, things would even out.

False

Between 1984 and 2016, the wealth gap between white and nonwhite families has _________.

Increased

Race and gender preferences are the only preferences in the world.

Sons often inherit their father's business, and legacies are admitted to Ivy League universities because their parents are contributing alumni.

nonwhite men

This group was deemed ineligible to enlist in the military. Only when the military was short on manpower did it allow members of this group to join.

Japanese Americans

This group was subject to government propaganda against them and imprisonment in internment camps.

Jewish Americans

This group, which was previously ostracized from mainstream white society, became more accepted.

The figure illustrates how the three groups within a split labor market can struggle with one another. Place the labels in the boxes that best match their roles in this struggle.

Top: higher-paid labor Left: business elite Bottom: cheap labor

Identify the items that correspond to wealth and those that correspond to income.

Wealth: houses and real estate, business and farm ownership, stocks and bonds, savings accounts Income: government aid, employment, retirement

Devah Pager

Whites convicted of selling drugs were more likely to land a job than blacks with no criminal history.

African American workers

early twentieth century

President Bill Clinton

helped pass the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act

Chinese workers

late nineteenth century

President Lyndon B. Johnson

made targeted improvement to inner-city ghettos through his War on Poverty

While the New Deal is considered one of the most progressive political policies in American history, it did not have immediate universal support. Which of the following best explains the political situation surrounding voting for the New Deal legislation?

nothern Democrats approved the new deal, but southern democrats would only support it if it excluded african americans

Hispanic workers

present day

President Richard Nixon

shifted the welfare focus away from programs that targeted America's urban poor

Third-generation immigrants are the grandchildren of immigrants. When we examine how well immigrants assimilate economically over time, what pattern do we see for third-generation immigrants?

the poverty rate declines for Asians; it remains the same for whites and hispanics, but it increases for blacks.

While most Native American reservations are ridden with poverty and unemployment, some tribes are prospering economically. The most important difference between the two types of tribes is _______.

tribal sovereignty

Consider this hypothetical scenario: A tomato processing plant near Atlanta, Georgia, employs 70 percent of African Americans. Mexican migration is increasing in nearby towns in Georgia. Based on existing evidence of immigration, race, and wages, which of the following is likely to happen?

It is impossible to predict because the evidence is mixed.

In the industrial northern cities of the 1920s and 1930s, many black men who had recently emigrated from the South began securing jobs as meatpackers, steelworkers, bricklayers, and carpenters. Identify the reasons why black workers were more attractive to employers.

Reason(s): Many unions did not allow black men to join. Compared to whites, black men would work longer hours for less pay. Not Reason(s): Labor laws applied only to whites. Black men were highly skilled in these areas as a result of slavery.

The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 was drafted in the wake of the Civil Rights Movement and significantly shaped immigrant flows into the United States. Which of the following are results of this act?

Result(s): permitted unlimited family reunification visas abolished national origin quotas Not Result(s): provided political asylum for refugees and asylees victimized on the basis of their race permitted unlimited visas to be given each year to qualified applicants

During the latter decades of the twentieth century, inner-city poverty in ghetto neighborhoods became more severe and more concentrated. Social scientists have identified several factors that help explain this trend. Of the four options, choose the figure that depicts these factors and their inter-relationship.

all connected -spacial mismatch - residential segregation -flight of black middle class

In workplaces, there are often unspoken obstacles to advancement for certain groups. These unspoken obstacles are known as ________.

glass ceilings

In the 1960s, semiskilled jobs in the auto industry and related sectors offered important economic opportunities for blacks in northern cities. But beginning in the 1970s, these jobs began moving in large numbers from the central city to the suburbs, where whites were more likely to live. This partial explanation of concentrated black poverty is known as the _________.

spatial mismatch hypothesis

Most poor Americans are white.

true

What is the term for a semiautonomous economy, large or small, that is owned, operated, and managed by members of the same immigrant or ethnic community?

ethnic enclave

Despite the gains made because of affirmative action policies, some have wondered whether affirmative action comes at too high a cost;

1. 90 2. 75 3. not played

To understand wealth disparities across race,

1. history 2. affirmative action 3. generation 4. increased

Because of the GI Bill,

1. increased 2. home 3. middle class 4. nonwhites

When we focus on means-tested programs (e.g., food stamps, TANF, and Medicaid),

1. two-thirds 2. more 3. equally 4. less

Sociologist Devah Pager examined the effects of race and having a criminal record on job applications. Place the groups in order from most to least likely to get a callback for a job.

1. whites without a 2. whites with a criminal record 3. blacks without a criminal record 4. blacks with a criminal record

Marianne Bertrand and Sendhil Mullainathan

Compared to applicants with black-sounding names, those with white-sounding names were 50 percent more likely to be called for an interview.

Which of the following methods have banks used to impede homeownership access to nonwhites over the last couple decades?

Correct Answer(s): devaluing homes in nonwhite neighborhoods charging nonwhites higher interest rates disproportionately denying loans to nonwhite applicants Incorrect Answer(s): outright denying any loans in predominately black or integrated neighborhoods

Americans have one of the highest poverty rates of any developed country. Which of the following is an explanation for why poverty occurs?

Explanation(s) for Poverty: deindustrialization a weak social safety net capitalist markets Not Explanation(s) for Poverty: poor people are lazy bad decisions made by poor people

Throughout American history, people of color have had their wealth and land taken away from them by whites. Which of the following groups have been given reparations?

Given Reparations: Japanese Americans Not Given Reparations: American Indians, Mexican Americans

A white man currently works as an executive in a high-tech company. There are four equally qualified candidates for the job, and they include a white female, a Hispanic male, a black female, and a white male. The executive hires the white male candidate. As a result, whites hold almost all upper-level jobs at this workplace. Which concept does this scenario represent?

Homosocial reproduction

Which countries represent immigrants from more privileged backgrounds in this latter category?

More Privileged: China Germany India Nigeria Less Privileged: Costa Rica Brazil Mexico Bolivia El Salvador

Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, the United States experienced several important events. These events had major impacts on economic opportunity and the distribution of wealth across different racial groups.

1. the great depression begins 2. social security act 3. US enters WWII 4. Taft-Hartley Act

Many Americans see welfare as a racialized policy. Identify the research findings about whites' views on welfare that were discussed in the chapter.

Correct Answer(s): Fifty-nine percent of whites polled believed that most blacks would rather collect a welfare check than work for a living. Only 3 percent believed that, given the chance, most whites would choose welfare over work. In states with large white populations, whites who stereotyped blacks and Hispanics as lazy were less willing to spend money on welfare than those who did not. Most of the whites who despise welfare do so because they assume that the majority of welfare recipients are "lazy blacks," undeserving of the government's help. Incorrect Answer(s): Eighty-five percent of white Americans believe that undocumented Hispanic immigrants abuse the welfare system.

Since the 1960s, evidence shows that black wealth and black-owned businesses have grown significantly. A new black middle class has emerged, and its size is much larger than blacks in poverty. Which of the following represents evidence about the black middle class?

Correct Answer(s): The black middle class was largely formed through government action. Incorrect Answer(s): Black corporate executives have comparable levels of wealth with white corporate executives. Once blacks attain professional occupations, race-based discrimination ceases to be important. While poor blacks live in segregated neighborhoods, middle-class blacks live in integrated neighborhoods.

Poor whites and blacks often experience different kinds of neighborhoods. If a poor white person were to move to a neighborhood where poor black people live, which of the following would they be likely to see?

Correct Answer(s): fewer childcare centers higher rates of unemployment a higher proportion of poor people Incorrect Answer(s): more pharmacies more banks

Think about contemporary affirmative action policies and how they are put into practice. Which of the following situations are examples of affirmative action policies in effect or where affirmative action laws would apply?

Example(s) of Affirmative Action: Out of two equally qualified candidates, a Hispanic is offered the job over a white male. A company run by women is chosen for a federal contract over a company run by men. A firm uses recruitment strategies that target underrepresented groups. Not Example(s) of Affirmative Action: A large contractor that does almost all of its business with private hospitals has almost all white employees. A government contractor's workforce must employ as least 10 percent African Americans.

The Office for Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP) issues guidelines for affirmative action. The guidelines recommend quotas as the most effective way to meet affirmative action requirements.

False

When analyzing race relations and racial inequality, the social sciences play an important role. Which of the following are functions of the social sciences in this context?

Function(s) overcoming long-held assumptions informing public policy increasing awareness of racial inequality Not Function(s): selecting our social values

To date, no antipoverty program in the history of America has come close to matching those of the New Deal, which created unemployment insurance, the minimum wage, workday limitations, and the Social Security Act of 1935. Which occupations were ineligible for benefits from the New Deal?

Ineligible for New Deal Benefits: domestic service farm work Eligible for New Deal Benefits: manufacturing jobs

There is much public debate about whether or not welfare promotes dependency. Identify the true and false statements about welfare.

True Statement(s): Ninety percent of those who use welfare during some point in their life will do so again. False Statement(s): Most welfare recipients receive cash payments. Most welfare recipients stay on welfare for at least one year. Most welfare recipients do not work.

People get ahead in life solely by virtue of their own talents, skills, and work ethic.

White affirmative action and inherited wealth give whites a better average starting point.

When considering whether or not white men are hurt by affirmative action, the authors conclude which of the following?

Whites do not lose out from affirmative action