Ch.4 History of Leadership
what was the time frame of the behavioral phase?
1940s-1960s
Behavioral phase
1940s-1960s, leadership can be learned, tend to be more prescription based
What is the time frame of the situational/contingent phase?
1970 to present
What is the time frame of the Great Man/Trait phase?
450 b.c. to 1940s
who created the managerial grid and when
Blake and Mouton 1964
What are the three phases of leadership?
Great Man/Trait Phase, Behavioral Phase, Situational/Contingent phase
Who came up with the Situational Theory
Hersey and Blanchard 1971
how was the trait theory made?
Lewin, Lippit, and White studied children group work and characterized them by leadership styles, occurred in 1938
Behavioral phase: Stodgill 1950
Stodgill found that styles can be along two dimensions of consideration and initiative structure, and there needs to be a balance between the two
Great man theory eventually evolved into what theory
Trait Theory
conceptual skill for leadership
ability to see how the big picture, analytical, logic, idea generating, how to get it all done
maturity is based on what?
ability, personality, experience, motivation
initiative structure
active directing of task completion. important for complex tasks and role definition
Fielder: task structure
amount of specificity in task
Behavioral phase; The Managerial grid
based on four constructs: concern for production, concern for people, motivation, and leadership style
democratic
collective decision making guided by leader, group discussion, and input
Great Man/Trait phase
emphasizes the person or characteristics of a person- leaders are born, and only a few superior people are the leaders in any society
inspirational motivation
extent that the leader communicates an appealing vision using symbols to focus subordinate effort and model
Xenophon (400b.c) Great man/trait pahse
first person to define leadership, and emphasized good horsemanship, focus on military leadership, and leaders guide through modeling behavior
Transformational Leadership
focused on leaders influence of charism, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration, inspirational motivation
Managerial and Strategic Leadership
focusing on follower strengths rather than trying to eliminate weakness, conduct assessment of self, organization, and workers to identify strengths and weaknesses
out-group
gets less latitude and input than the in-group
in-group
gets more latitude and input
Carlyle, Galton, James
greater the great man theory in 1840 by studying great leaders in histories looking at their characteristics
Fielder 1964
group performance is a function of leadership style and situation atmosphere. defined three variables for successful leadership; leader-member relations, task structure, position power
consideration
how close the leader is to their workers. This affects job satisfaction, performance, turnover, complaints
Fielder: leader-member relation
how much the group trusts leader and willingness to follow
Behavioral phase: Katz Skills theory (1955)
identified 3 skills necessary for leadership, technical, human, conceptual; these levels require different skill combinations but all three need human skills
What is the least effective style of the managerial grid
impoverished style: does not real care about product or people
human skill for leadership
interpersonal relationships, communication skills, understanding feelings, motivations, social skills
Army leadership model
lead by example, and emphasis on morality. leadership requires experience
normative decision making model; autocratic type 2
leader collects information from followers, makes the decision alone and informs others
social exchange theory
leader divide workers into two groups; in-group and out-group
exchange theory
leader exchanges rewards, incentives, and latitude for subordinates input. emphasizes on interaction between leader and workers
charisma
leader influences followers by arousing strong emotions and identification with the leader
authoritarian
leader makes decisions, everyone expected to follow, little if any input from the group
normative decision making model; consultative type 1
leader shares problem individually to those he considers to be relevant, asks for ideas and suggestions and then, makes the decision
normative decision making model; consultative type 2
leader shares problem with relevant others as a group, asks for ideas and suggestions and makes the decision alone
normative decision making model; autocratic type 1
leader uses information that is easily available-makes decision alone
McGregor theory X Theory Y (1950)
leaders hold one of two philosophies toward workers, and those philosophies influence treatment of workers
House's Path Goal Theory (1971)
leaders impact subordinates performance, satisfaction, and motivation by offering reward for achieving performance goals, clarifying paths toward these goals, removing obstacles to performance
intellectual stimulation
leaders increase follower awareness of problems and influence followers view as problems from a new perspective
Fielder: positon power
leaders official power
Great man/Trait Phase; Descriptive Theory
looking at what people do or possess in terms of being a great leader
Great Man Theory
made by Carlyle, Galton James in 1840, this theory emphasized social class, race, gender, religion, education, height, speaking skills, and prosperity.
Ministry L. Model
made by Pastor Rick Warren in 1995 which stated one should lead by behavior construct, role modeling, it values beliefs act as guidelines for daily life, do unit others as you have them do unto them
Situational/Contingent phase
no one method works best in all situations, the situation needs to be assessed and the best leadership style is chosen.
McGregor Theory X
people are Lazy irresponsible, don't like to work, work for a paycheck, and don't have self-discipline. these people need a strict leadership, autocratic, and high control one leadership style
McGregor Theory Y
people do not dislike work, have self control, intrinsic motivation, capable of responsibility, leads to a democratic leadership style, and leaders are consensus building oriented
technical skill for leadership
per activity- how to do the job, techniques, approaches, procedures
individualized consideration
providing support, encouragement, and developmental experiences for followers
Erickson Psychoanalytic theory (1964)
states that followers have an unconscious father figure in a leader and that a leader has an unconscious need to lead. subordinates mimc that of children
four areas the situational/contingent phase assesses
subordinate, leader, task, organization
Normative decision making model
suggest four major categories autocratic type 1, autocratic type 2, consultative type `, consultative type 2
What is the most effective style of the managerial grid
team leader: places a high priority both on the product and the people
Trait theory
theory that created the democratic, authoritarian, and Laissez Faire styles
situational theory
there is no one best way to lead, and leaders should fit the leadership style to the maturity of the group or person being led
laissez faire
very little input from leader unless asked, group left to do work and decisions
Machiavelli: Narcissist theory (1530)
wrote that leaders should be feared, malevolent, and had no consideration of consequences as long as the ends justify the means