Ch.4 History of Leadership

what was the time frame of the behavioral phase?

1940s-1960s

Behavioral phase

1940s-1960s, leadership can be learned, tend to be more prescription based

What is the time frame of the situational/contingent phase?

1970 to present

What is the time frame of the Great Man/Trait phase?

450 b.c. to 1940s

who created the managerial grid and when

Blake and Mouton 1964

What are the three phases of leadership?

Great Man/Trait Phase, Behavioral Phase, Situational/Contingent phase

Who came up with the Situational Theory

Hersey and Blanchard 1971

how was the trait theory made?

Lewin, Lippit, and White studied children group work and characterized them by leadership styles, occurred in 1938

Behavioral phase: Stodgill 1950

Stodgill found that styles can be along two dimensions of consideration and initiative structure, and there needs to be a balance between the two

Great man theory eventually evolved into what theory

Trait Theory

conceptual skill for leadership

ability to see how the big picture, analytical, logic, idea generating, how to get it all done

maturity is based on what?

ability, personality, experience, motivation

initiative structure

active directing of task completion. important for complex tasks and role definition

Fielder: task structure

amount of specificity in task

Behavioral phase; The Managerial grid

based on four constructs: concern for production, concern for people, motivation, and leadership style

democratic

collective decision making guided by leader, group discussion, and input

Great Man/Trait phase

emphasizes the person or characteristics of a person- leaders are born, and only a few superior people are the leaders in any society

inspirational motivation

extent that the leader communicates an appealing vision using symbols to focus subordinate effort and model

Xenophon (400b.c) Great man/trait pahse

first person to define leadership, and emphasized good horsemanship, focus on military leadership, and leaders guide through modeling behavior

Transformational Leadership

focused on leaders influence of charism, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration, inspirational motivation

Managerial and Strategic Leadership

focusing on follower strengths rather than trying to eliminate weakness, conduct assessment of self, organization, and workers to identify strengths and weaknesses

out-group

gets less latitude and input than the in-group

in-group

gets more latitude and input

Carlyle, Galton, James

greater the great man theory in 1840 by studying great leaders in histories looking at their characteristics

Fielder 1964

group performance is a function of leadership style and situation atmosphere. defined three variables for successful leadership; leader-member relations, task structure, position power

consideration

how close the leader is to their workers. This affects job satisfaction, performance, turnover, complaints

Fielder: leader-member relation

how much the group trusts leader and willingness to follow

Behavioral phase: Katz Skills theory (1955)

identified 3 skills necessary for leadership, technical, human, conceptual; these levels require different skill combinations but all three need human skills

What is the least effective style of the managerial grid

impoverished style: does not real care about product or people

human skill for leadership

interpersonal relationships, communication skills, understanding feelings, motivations, social skills

Army leadership model

lead by example, and emphasis on morality. leadership requires experience

normative decision making model; autocratic type 2

leader collects information from followers, makes the decision alone and informs others

social exchange theory

leader divide workers into two groups; in-group and out-group

exchange theory

leader exchanges rewards, incentives, and latitude for subordinates input. emphasizes on interaction between leader and workers

charisma

leader influences followers by arousing strong emotions and identification with the leader

authoritarian

leader makes decisions, everyone expected to follow, little if any input from the group

normative decision making model; consultative type 1

leader shares problem individually to those he considers to be relevant, asks for ideas and suggestions and then, makes the decision

normative decision making model; consultative type 2

leader shares problem with relevant others as a group, asks for ideas and suggestions and makes the decision alone

normative decision making model; autocratic type 1

leader uses information that is easily available-makes decision alone

McGregor theory X Theory Y (1950)

leaders hold one of two philosophies toward workers, and those philosophies influence treatment of workers

House's Path Goal Theory (1971)

leaders impact subordinates performance, satisfaction, and motivation by offering reward for achieving performance goals, clarifying paths toward these goals, removing obstacles to performance

intellectual stimulation

leaders increase follower awareness of problems and influence followers view as problems from a new perspective

Fielder: positon power

leaders official power

Great man/Trait Phase; Descriptive Theory

looking at what people do or possess in terms of being a great leader

Great Man Theory

made by Carlyle, Galton James in 1840, this theory emphasized social class, race, gender, religion, education, height, speaking skills, and prosperity.

Ministry L. Model

made by Pastor Rick Warren in 1995 which stated one should lead by behavior construct, role modeling, it values beliefs act as guidelines for daily life, do unit others as you have them do unto them

Situational/Contingent phase

no one method works best in all situations, the situation needs to be assessed and the best leadership style is chosen.

McGregor Theory X

people are Lazy irresponsible, don't like to work, work for a paycheck, and don't have self-discipline. these people need a strict leadership, autocratic, and high control one leadership style

McGregor Theory Y

people do not dislike work, have self control, intrinsic motivation, capable of responsibility, leads to a democratic leadership style, and leaders are consensus building oriented

technical skill for leadership

per activity- how to do the job, techniques, approaches, procedures

individualized consideration

providing support, encouragement, and developmental experiences for followers

Erickson Psychoanalytic theory (1964)

states that followers have an unconscious father figure in a leader and that a leader has an unconscious need to lead. subordinates mimc that of children

four areas the situational/contingent phase assesses

subordinate, leader, task, organization

Normative decision making model

suggest four major categories autocratic type 1, autocratic type 2, consultative type `, consultative type 2

What is the most effective style of the managerial grid

team leader: places a high priority both on the product and the people

Trait theory

theory that created the democratic, authoritarian, and Laissez Faire styles

situational theory

there is no one best way to lead, and leaders should fit the leadership style to the maturity of the group or person being led

laissez faire

very little input from leader unless asked, group left to do work and decisions

Machiavelli: Narcissist theory (1530)

wrote that leaders should be feared, malevolent, and had no consideration of consequences as long as the ends justify the means