ch7

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding a. consolidation. b. transcription. c. specificity. d. priming.

C

The concept of reconsolidation is based on the ________ of retrieved memories. a. potentiation b. classification c. emotionality d. fragility

D

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is a. encoding. b. transfer-appropriate processing. c. memory consolidation. d. state-dependent learning.

A

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories? a. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance. b. Both are equally effective in all learning circumstances. c. Maintenance is more effective than elaborative. d. Each one is sometimes more effective, depending on the learning circumstances.

A

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid-air was used to illustrate the role of ___________ in memory. a. organization b. depth of processing c. rehearsal d. forming connections with other information

A

Which of the following provides the key benefit to the generate-and-test study strategy? a. Classification b. Engagement c. Rehearsal d. Elaboration

B

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words? a. Generating a rhyming word for each word to be remembered b. Repeating the words over and over in your mind c. Deciding how many vowels each word has d. Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

D

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on a. transfer-appropriate processing. b. depth of processing. c. levels of processing. d. reconsolidation.

D

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the a. effect of proactive interference. b. way objects like dishes and shoes are encoded visually. c. tendency of objects in the same category to become organized. d. way the phonological loop reorganizes information based on sound during rehearsal.

`ACB

When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called ________ processing. a. transfer-appropriate b. recall-potentiation c. state-dependent d. stimulus-fluency

`ACB `D WHAT THE FKCJDFKSLDJFLKSDJKL

In the experiment conducted by Viskontas and coworkers using picture pairs, a participant's later experience of familiarity with a particular pair was coded as ________. a. "remember." b. "think." c. "sense." d. "know."

D

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by a. using it in a sentence. b. linking the new word to a previously learned concept. c. thinking of its synonyms and antonyms. d. repeating it over and over.

D

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ___________ in long-term memory. a. mass practice b. elaborative rehearsal c. long-term potentiation d. retrieval cues

D

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if a. the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task. b. imagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into long-term memory. c. the person remembering generates their own retrieval cues. d. there is deep processing during acquisition of the new material.

A

What is the key difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation? a. Scale b. State c. Consciousness d. Content

A

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory? a. Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing. b. Events that are repeated enough can influence our behavior, even after we have forgotten the original events. c. Information enters memory by passing through a number of levels, beginning with sensory memory, then short-term memory, then long-term memory. d. People who were sad when they studied did better when they were sad during testing.

A

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are a. long and across several days. b. short and across several days. c. long and all on a single day. d. short but all on a single day.

B

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ___________ memories. a. recent episodic b. recent and remote episodic c. recent and remote semantic d. remote semantic

B

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the a. cued recall effect. b. generation effect. c. multiple trace hypothesis. d. spacing effect.

B

Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam? a. Kim performs better because of encoding specificity. b. Kim performs better because of consolidation. c. Lakeisha performs better because of consolidation. d. Lakeisha performs better because of encoding specificity.

B

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called a. personal semantic memory. b. transfer-appropriate processing. c. elaborative rehearsal. d. episodic-based processing.

B

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage, which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of ___________ in forming reliable long-term memories. a. imagery b. reconsolidation c. organizational context d. implicit memory

C

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of a. the growth of new dendrites in neurons. b. an increase in the size of cell bodies of neurons. c. increased firing in the neurons. d. larger electrical impulses in the synapse.

C

Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material. a. making up questions about the material b. organization c. highlighting d. feedback

C

Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of a. repetition priming. b. implicit memory. c. a self-reference effect. d. elaborative rehearsal.

D

Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns? a. "apple, chair, cherry, coat, desk, lamp, plum, shoe, sofa" b. "apple, desk, shoe, coat, lamp, pants" c. "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" d. "apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair"

D

James Nairne would say that effective encoding of memory is based on which of the following? a. Rehearsal b. Mood c. Specificity d. Survival

D

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on a. a mass practice effect. b. semantic memory. c. the integrative experience effect. d. the self-reference effect.

D

Mantyla's "banana/yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created a. using visual images. b. by a memory expert who understands what makes cues effective. c. by agreement among many people, thus providing proof they are effective. d. by the person whose memory will be tested.

D

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect a. a failure of memory consolidation. b. disrupted long-term potentiation. c. temporary post-traumatic stress disorder. d. Korsakoff's syndrome.

A

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that a. fear conditioning is the most effective kind of conditioning for forming durable memories. b. when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed. c. memories are not susceptible to disruption once consolidation has occurred. d. memory consolidation does not occur when animals are afraid of a stimulus.

B

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into long-term memory? a. Renee starred in the lead role of her high school play a few years ago. Although she helped write the play and based her character on her own life, she cannot remember many of the actual lines of dialogue anymore. b. Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years. c. Sanjay recalls his grandmother's house where he grew up, even though he hasn't been there for 22 years. d. Ben learned his martial arts moves by making up "short stories" and mental images to describe each movement.

B

The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following? a. Structure b. Task c. Mood d. Location

D

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on comfortable clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a(n) ________ mindset. a. excited b. relaxed c. nervous d. neutral

B

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is a. stored. b. retrieved. c. encoded. d. consolidated.

C

Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances? a. Alana will perform better because of a long-term memory recency effect. b. State-dependent learning predicts that Katie should perform better, because the exam takes place during a one-hour class period. c. Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect. d. Katie and Alana should perform equally well, because each studied the same time overall (supporting the equal-time hypothesis).

C

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of a. maintenance rehearsal. b. the self-reference effect. c. encoding specificity. d. levels of processing theory.

C

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to a. lead to effective autobiographical memories. b. cause sensory memories to interfere with consolidation in working memory. c. produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories. d. lead to immediate decay due to retroactive interference.

C

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning? a. Even though Walt hasn't been to the beach cottage his parents owned since he was a child, he still has many fond memories of time spent there as a family. b. Last night, at the grocery store, DeShaun ran into a psychology professor he took a class with three semesters ago. He recognized her right away. c. Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio. d. Carmen always suffers test anxiety in her classes. To combat this, she tries to relax when she studies. She thinks it's best to study while lying in bed, reading by candlelight with soft music playing.

C

Which of the following is a key factor in the memory-enhancing capacity of sleep? a. Reconsolidation b. Classification c. Distraction d. Elaboration

C

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information? a. For his history course, Jorge is trying to learn the order of the U.S. presidents by creating a silly sentence where each consecutive word starts with the same letter of the next president to be remembered. b. Terrell is trying to understand how to use statistics by drawing associations between a set of data describing how adolescents respond to peer pressure and the theories he learned last semester in developmental psychology. c. Thuy has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up. d. Maggie is trying to learn new vocabulary words because she is taking the SAT next month. Each day, she selects one word. Throughout the day, she repeats the definition over and over to herself and generates sentences using it in her conversations that day.

C

Research into reconsolidation of memories in people who have PTSD has focused on the ________ aspects of memory. a. systemic b. episodic c. visual d. emotional

D

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because a. pictures fit better with our basic instincts because children learn pictures before reading words. b. the brain processes images more easily than the meanings of words. c. research shows people like pictures better than words, so there is an enhanced emotional response. d. imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.

D

Dr. Leung is leading a research team to explore the retrieval practice effect. Which of the following will likely be a key component of her team's research protocol? a. Sleeping b. Elaborating c. Organizing d. Testing

D

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories. a. recent b. emotional c. anterograde d. remote

D

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is a. uninvolved in memory consolidation. b. strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and being consolidated. c. strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long ago and are already consolidated. d. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

D

Within the context of studying, which of the following would be related to an illusion? a. Sleeping b. Spacing c. Encoding d. Highlighting

D

___________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale. a. Synaptic b. Remote c. Standard d. Systems

D

___________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory. a. Processing b. Encoding c. Retrograde d. Retrieval

D

___________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption. a. Amnesia b. Encoding specificity c. Cued-recall d. Consolidation

D