Chap 14: The Family: Developmental Psychology

separation

Gaining some ___________ from parents is HEALTHY; becoming detached from them is not. A blend of autonomy and attachment or independence and interdependence is the goal

authoritative parenting

The authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive parenting styles were originally identified and define by DIANA BAUMRIND. In a pioneering longitudinal study, Baumrind found that children raised by ______________ __________ were best adjusted: They were cheerful, socially responsible, self-reliant, achievement oriented, and cooperative with adults and peers.

parent effects model

a model of parenting effects that assumes that parents cause the characteristics that we see in their children. This becomes a "BLAME THE PARENTS" model when children do not turn out well.

neglectful parenting

"Few rule and demand; parents are uninvolved and insensitive to their children's needs." Sometimes called DISENGAGED OT UNINVOLVED PARENTING. This style of parenting involves LOW ACCEPTANCE-RESPONSIVENESS and LOW DEMANDINGNESS-CONTROL They seem not to care much about their children. They may be hostile and rejecting or indifferent---or they may be so overwhelmed by their own problems that they cannot devote sufficient energy to expressing love and setting and enforcing rules.

Permissive parenting

"Few rule and demands; children are allowed much freedom by indulgent parents." Sometimes called INDULGENT PARENTING. This style is HIGH IN ACCEPTANCE-RESPONSIVENESS but LOW IN DEMANDINGNESS-CONTROL. ____________ _________ are child centered; they have relatively FEW RULES and make relatively FEW DEMANDS, encourage children to express their feelings and impulses, and rarely exert control over their behavior

How can adjustment problems be minimized?

"How can adjustment problems be minimized?" The firstborn's TEMPERAMENT is a factor, but it helps a lot if the couple's relationship is good and remains good after the birth and if the firstborn had SECURE ATTACHMENT to the parents before the younger sibling arrived. If parents continue to provide LOVE and ATTENTION to their firstborn It is also helped greatly if the FATHER INCREASES his INVOLVEMENT in child care and the two parents coparent effectively--things are likely to go well

infant development

"INFANT DEVELOPMENT" clearly goes best when parents get along well and co-parent effectively. When parents COMPETE rather than COOPERATE their infants may show signs of INSECURE ATTACHMENT or may become SECURELY ATTACHED to one parent by be blocked from enjoying a close relationship with the other. (END OF SECTION 14.2)

authoritarian parenting

"Many rules and demands; few explanations and little sensitivity to the child's needs and perspectives." This is a restrictive parenting style combining HIGH DEMANDINGNESS-CONTROL and LOW ACCEPTANCE-RESPONSIVENESS. Parents impose many rules, expect strict obedience, RARELY EXPLAIN WHY the child should comply with rules, and often rely on power-assertion tactics such as PHYSICAL PUNISHMENT to gain compliance.

Authoritative parenting

"Reasonable demands, consistently enforced, with sensitivity to and acceptance of the child." This is a parenting style that combines HIGH DEMENDINGNESS-CONTROL and HIGH ACCEPTANCE-RESPONSIVENESS. ____________ _________ are more flexible; they are quite demanding and exert control, but they are also sensitive to their children. They set clear rules and consistently enforce them, but they have rationales for their rules and explain them, are responsive to their children's needs and points of view, and involve their children in decision making. They are reasonable and democratic in their approach; although it is clear that they are in charge, they communicate respect for their children.

More single-parent families.

(Since 1950, several dramatic SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGES have altered the family experience.) (Here are some of the changes in family life in the United States since 1950s and 1960s.) Because of more births to unmarried women and more divorce and separation, more children live in single-parent families. In 1960, only 9% of children lived with one parent, usually a widowed one. In 2018, 22% of children younger than age 18 lived with their mothers only, 4% with their fathers only, and 4% with grandparents or other nonparents; two-third lived with two parents.

More empty-nest years

(Since 1950, several dramatic SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGES have altered the family experience.) (Here are some of the changes in family life in the United States since 1950s and 1960s.) Empty nesters without children in their homes. Older women are more likely than older men to live alone rather than with a spouse, mainly because more women are widowed.

(More) cohabitation

(Since 1950, several dramatic SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGES have altered the family experience.) (Here are some of the changes in family life in the United States since 1950s and 1960s.) Especially among non-college-educated adults, ______________, or living with a romantic partner without being married, has been increasing, either as a alternative to marriage or a step before marriage. It is even more common in many EUROPEAN countries, though rarer in Asian countries such as Japan and Korea.

More working mothers

(Since 1950, several dramatic SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGES have altered the family experience.) (Here are some of the changes in family life in the United States since 1950s and 1960s.) In 1950, 12% of married women with children younger than age 6 worked outside of the home; the figure has climbed to about 66%, a truly remarkable social change. Even more mothers of children ages 6-17 are in the labor force.

More single adults

(Since 1950, several dramatic SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGES have altered the family experience.) (Here are some of the changes in family life in the United States since 1950s and 1960s.) More adults today than in the past are living as SINGLES (Never-married, divorced, and widowed adults). About 20% of adults age 25 and older are in the "never married category, compared to 9% in 1960 and more are likely to remain "never married" in middle ages.

(More remarriages) reconstituted families

(Since 1950, several dramatic SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGES have altered the family experience.) (Here are some of the changes in family life in the United States since 1950s and 1960s.) Often remarried adults for new, ____________ _______, also called BLENDED FAMILIES, that include at least a parent, a step-parent, and one child.

More postponed marriages

(Since 1950, several dramatic SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGES have altered the family experience.) (Here are some of the changes in family life in the United States since 1950s and 1960s.) Over 80% of adults can still be expected to marry at some time in their lives, but marriage is being postponed---a worldwide trend----and the percentage of adults ever marrying has begun to decline as well. In 1960, the average age at first marriage was 20 for women and 23 for men. In 2019, however, it was 28 for women and nearly 30 for men.

more divorce

(Since 1950, several dramatic SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGES have altered the family experience.) (Here are some of the changes in family life in the United States since 1950s and 1960s.) The divorce rate increased over the 20th century and has fallen some since but, still over 40% of newly married couples can expect divorce.

more multigenerational families

(Since 1950, several dramatic SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGES have altered the family experience.) (Here are some of the changes in family life in the United States since 1950s and 1960s.) Three and even four-generation families have become more common. More children today than in the past know their grandparents, and parent-child and grandparent-child relationships are lasting longer and becoming more important. Currently, for example, 8% of children live in the same household as a grandparent and almost 30% are expected to do so sometime during childhood.

Fewer children

(Since 1950, several dramatic SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGES have altered the family experience.) (Here are some of the changes in family life in the United States since 1950s and 1960s.) Today adults are also having smaller families than women in the mid 20th century did and therefore spend fewer years of their lives raising children. Increasing numbers of women are also remaining childless.

More unmarried parents

(Since 1950, several dramatic SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGES have altered the family experience.) (Here are some of the changes in family life in the United States since 1950s and 1960s.) With marriage being postponed, more and more females, especially less educated ones, are not married when they give birth. About 18% of births in 1980 but a whopping 40% of birth by 2017 were to unmarried women.

fewer caregivers for aging adults

(Since 1950, several dramatic SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGES have altered the family experience.) (Here are some of the changes in family life in the United States since 1950s and 1960s.) Yet owning to smaller families and increased longevity, more and more adults need care from relatives but have fewer children to provide it; the term "ELDER ORPHANS" describes this growing problem.

autonomy

A key developmental tasks of adolescence is achieve __________or the capacity to make decisions independently and manage life tasks without being overly dependent on other people. Achieving ___________ is about becoming able to make decisions independently and preparing to leave the nest and fly on one's own.

fewer resources to invest in their children's development

A second explanation of social class differences in parenting and child outcome is that low-SES parents have FEWER RESOURCES TO INVEST IN THEIR CHILDREN's DEVELOPMENT than high-SES parents do. Wealthier parents can invest more money and time in getting their children a good education; providing books, computers, and other learning materials in the home; taking their children to educational events;and interacting with their children and stimulating their minds. They also have more access to good nutrition, child care, and health care.

coercive cycle

ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR can result when a child who behaves aggressively elicits negative, coercive parenting and when that parenting contributes further to the children's aggression---that is, what GERNALD PATTERSON CALLED A __________ ______ of family influence. When such a destructive family process evolves, it becomes difficult to say who is more influential, parent or child. It also becomes clear that changing the child's problem behavior requires changing both parent and child.

authoritative parenting

Adolescents are most likely to become autonomous, achievement-oriented, and well-adjusted if their parents consistently enforce a reasonable set of rules, involve their teenagers in decision making, recognize their need for greater autonomy, monitor their comings and goings, gradually loosen the reins, and continue to be warm, supportive, and involved throughout adolescence. In short, the winning approach is usually _____________ __________

A tale of two fathers

Although more American fathers are involved in child care than ever before, more father also live apart from their children than ever before. As LIVINGSTON and PARKER put it, we have "A TALE OF ___ ________" the engaged kind and the absent kind.

teaching

Although older brothers and sisters are not always as skilled at teaching as parents are. They clearly feel a special responsibility to teach and younger siblings actively seek their guidance.

Women

As WOMEN have increased their involvement in paid work, they have decrease their involvement in house-work and somehow managed to spend more time caring for their children than mothers in the 1965.

Give up some power

As children reach PUBERTY, they assert themselves more. As they do so, their parents GIVE UP SOME of their POWER, adolescents assume more control of their lives and parent-child relationship become MORE EQUAL. In other words, PARENT-CHILD CONFLICT in early adolescence is typically a HEALTHY thing; it advances adolescent development. It is usually best for the development of autonomy if adolescents maintain close attachments with their parents and parents maintain AUTHORITATIVE control but also gradually grant teens more responsibility for decision making.

social agents

As children reach age 2 or so, parents continue to be caregivers and playmates, but they also become ______________ __________. They teach their offspring values and how to behave based on those values so that they can become contributing members of their children and applying childrearing, discipline, and teaching strategies.

our kids

As sociologist Robert Putnam demonstrates vividly in his book "Our Kids", growing income inequality translate into a growing gap between rich kids and poor kids in their developmental experiences and life outcomes.

Brenda Volling

BRENDA VOLLING and her colleagues observed how 2- to 3- years old firstborns reacted when their mothers, and separately fathers, interacted positively with their 1-month-old siblings. Most firstborns 60% coped well, going against the old psychoanalytic view that "dethronement" is a traumatic experience for toddlers: They watch closely and sometimes approached but often just sat quietly. Another 31% clearly found the experience threatening. They watched very intently and seemed unable to play by themselves constructively or to approach their parent for comfort. Only 3% were disruptive, actively protesting and being aggressive. Another small number 6% were very anxious and clingy.

benefit

Both unmarried mothers and children ________ when non-resident fathers become involved fathers and develop close relationships with their children.

emotional support

Brothers and sisters confide in one another, often more than they confide in their parents. They also protect and comfort one another in rough times. Even preschoolers jump in to comfort their infant siblings when their mothers leave or when strangers approach, and a close sibling relationship can protect an adolescent from the otherwise negative effects of conflict between parents.

positive

Can you see the __________ in the lists of FAMILY LIFE? Postponing marriages improves its chances of success because partners are MORE MATURE and FINANCIALLY STABLE, men's and women's role in the family and society are more equal than they used to be now that more women work and families are better off financially with two wage earners than with only one. More children have relationships with their grandparents and even great grandparents. College-educated adults are standing by the institution of marriage but have moved away from a working husband/homemaker mother model to a model in which both parents work and share household and childrearing tasks. This model enables them to invest a good deal of resources By comparison, less educated, lower income adults have experienced more of the changes in family life with negative implications;they now cohabit more and marry less, have higher rates of divorce and separation, and raise more children in single-parent families.

family

Despite a Supreme Court ruling in 2015 legalizing same-sex marriage throughout the US, debate continues about whether marriage must be between a husband and a wife or can be between two men and two women...and even whether marriage of any kind is a necessary part of the definition of family. Such controversies illustrates that it may not be possible to define _______ in a way that applies across cultures and eras of history

1. Emotional support 2. Caregiving 3. Teaching 4. Social experience

Despite sibling rivalry, the sibling relationship is generally close interactions with siblings are MOSTLY POSITIVE, and sibling play MOSTLY POSITIVE roles in one another's development. What are the four important functions of siblings stand out: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Bad

Do you view these changes in the family as good or ___ news? Some observers view the changes as evidence of a weakening of marriage and a "decline of the family." Some observers also worry because most Americans now view marriage as an institution whose purpose is more to meet the emotional needs of adults than to nurture children. Family scholar Andrew Cherline adds that many American children today are being harmed by a "MERRY-GO-ROUND" of family instability in which their parents switch from one parent to another and form singlehood to cohabitation or marriage and back in their quest for emotional fulfillment.

poor developmental

Economic hardship may be associated with _______ ________________ outcomes because of 1. stress 2. limited parental investment of resources 3. socialization goals centered on keeping children safe and preparing them to obey a boss rather than be the boss.

complex

Even a simple man, woman, and infant "family system" is ___________. We must consider husband-wife, mother-infant, and father-infant relationships, and reciprocal influences operating within each relationship, as influenced by characteristics of family members and their environment. Each individual and every relationship within the family affect every other individual and relationship.

Fathers

FATHERS have helped make this possible by increasing their involvement in child care and housework. Some fathers are even sharing responsibility for child care EQUALLY with their spouses rather than just "HELPING" In short, the roles of mothers and fathers are CONVERGING. Yet mothers spend more time directly caring for and interacting with children than fathers do.

cognitively, socially, and emotionally

Fathers contribute most to development when they, like mothers, are sensitive and responsive caregivers and form secure attachments with their infants. Children fare better COGNITIVELY, SOCIALLY, and EMOTIONALLY if they have a supportive father--or some other second-parent, male or female---in their lives.

social experience

Having at least one sibling to interact with can have positive effects on a child's social cognitive skills and social competence. In their interactions with sibling, especially all those SKRIMISHES children learn how to take others' perspectives, read others' mind, express feelings, negotiate, and resolve conflicts.

Authoritarian

High and low-SES parents may also parent in ways that prepare their children for the kinds of jobs that parent hold. Wealthier parents may reason more with their children and foster initiative and creativity because these are the attributes that count for business executives, professionals, and other white collar workers. Parents of lower SES backgrounds may be "AUTHORITARIAN" and emphasize obedience to authority figures in part because this is what is required in jobs like their own.

Children's safety

High and low-SES parents may have different values and socialization goals in raising their children. For example, poor parenting have more worries about their ________ _________than wealthier parents do and this can constitute to a more authoritarian controlling style of parenting.

acceptance-responsiveness and demandingness-control

How can I be a good parent? You can go far in understanding which parenting styles are most effective by considering just two dimensions of parenting: "acceptance-responsiveness and demandingness-control."

collectivist culture

How much autonomy adolescents wants and how much parent grant differ from culture to culture. In ______________ _____ maintaining respect for parents and family harmony are often valued more. The quest for autonomy can therefore come into CONFLICT with cultural values in a ______________ _______ FILIPINO and MEXICAN AMERICAN adolescents were more likely than EUROPEAN AMERICAN adolescents to believe that they should not disagree with their parents, and CHINESE AMERICAN adolescents were less likely to expect the freedom to go to parties and to date at a young age. In _____________ _________, then, the balance of power between parents and adolescent may not shift as much

individualistic culture

How much autonomy adolescents wants and how much parent grant differ from culture to culture. In ________________ _______, autonomy is highly prized The struggle for autonomy may be less evident in __________________ _______

income inequality

INCOME INEQUALITY has increased in out society as a result of technological advances, globalization, government policies, and other forces. Wealthy families have accumulated still more wealth over the years while less-wealthy families have seen little improvement in their finances.

involvement

If the mother and father have a good relationship, even if it is no longer a romantic one, and if the father feels supported as a coparent, he is likely to be more involved with his child. Father ______________ is associated with better child adjustment.

Parent's parenting and adolescent's parenting

It is rare for a parent-child relationship to suddenly turn bad at ADOLESCENCE; more likely, a troubled parent-adolescent relationship has grown out of a troubled parent-child relationship and has been shaped by both the P________'s P___________ and the A________'s P______________ and behavior

immediate family

It now makes more sense to define the NUCLEAR FAMILY as the ___________ _________ consisting of CHILDREN and WHOEVER CARES FOR THEM. Ex: single-parent families, gay and lesbian families, and so on

Duvall's concept

Many adults enter into romantic relationships but remain single or childless, marry multiple times or otherwise follow a different path than the one in which a man and women marry, form a nuclear family, raise children,and grow old together. As a result, family researchers today embrace DUVALL'S CONCEPT that family systems develop and change but have had to take the family life cycle concept in new directions to capture the tremendous.

stressful time

Many people believe that the period of the family life cycle during which parents have ADOLESCENT in the house is a particularly "STRESSFUL TIME", with close parent-child relationships deteriorating into bitter tugs-of war. How much truth is there to these characterizations? Contrary to belief, most parent-adolescent relationships are close

mature

Meanwhile, becoming an involved father seems to help some young men ________ and make positive changes in their lives. The importance of father, good parenting, and supportive coparenting can positively affect children's development.

differ

Mothers and fathers also ______ somewhat in their styles of interacting with young children. When mothers interact with babies, a large proportion of their time is devoted to caregiving; offering food

supportive coparenting

Mutually SUPPORTIVE COPARENTING can make a big difference in child development, beyond the impact of a close martial or couple relationship.

poverty

Now consider the even worse effects of chronic __________ on development. The children most affected by ___________ were disproportionately children in FEMALE-HEADED HOMES and MINORITY HOUSEHOLDS. As noted, parents coping with ___________ tend to be harsh, punitive, and inconsistent in their parenting. The chronic stressors associated with ___________ can also alter children's stress response systems and immune systems in ways that pave the way for health and mental health problems and can disrupt the development of areas of the brain that are critical to attention and self-regulation. ___________ is associated with child health problems, emotional, and behavioral problems, and academic difficulties, especially for individuals who experience poverty early in life and over many years.

coparenting

Now think about how COMPLEX the family system becomes if we add another child (or two or six) to it. The family now becomes a system within SUBSYSTEMS---specifically, the COUPLE SUBSYSTEM, the PARENT-CHILD SUBSYSTEM, and the SIBLING SUBSYSTEM. And we can add a 4th SUBSYSTEM, ______________, or the ways in which two parents coordinate their parenting and function well (or poorly) as a team in raising their children.

family stress model

One well-established explanation of SES DIFFERNECES IN PARENTING developed by Glenn Elder, Rand Conger, and their colleagues, is called the ________ ________ __________. It described the negative effects of financial stressors on parents' mental health, parenting, and, in turn, child development.

sterotype

Our __________ image of family---the nuclear family with a married couple consisting of a BREADWINNER--husband/father, a FULL-TIME HOUSEWIFE/MOTHER, plus children--- has become a _________ (END OF SECTION 14.1)

acceptance-responsiveness

Parental ___________-____________ refers to the extent to which parents are warm, supportive, sensitive to their children's needs, and willing to provide affection and praise when their children meet their expectations. Accepting, responsive parents are affectionate and often smile at, praise, and encourage their children; they consider their children's perspectives, although they also let children know when they misbehave. Less accepting and responsive parents are often quick to criticize, belittle, punish, or ignore their children and rarely communicated to children that they are loved and valued.

alloparenting

Parenting given by individuals that are not the biological mother or father. Multiple caregivers (Extended family household)

caregiving

Sibling babysit and tend young children. Indeed in a study of 186 societies, older children were the principal caregivers for infants and toddlers in 57% of the cultures studied.

friendlier

Sibling relationship are FRIENDLIER and less conflicted if mothers and fathers get long well as a couple and if they respond warmly and sensitively to all their children rather than showing favoritism toward one or another.

negatively

Siblings also hold the power to affect one another __________-as when they develop a hostile relationship, bully each other, or, as teens, influence on another to use drugs or engage in delinquent acts.

indirect effects

Siblings can affect each other not only DIRECTLYbut also through the _________ EFFECTS they have on their parents. GENE BRODY discovered that if an older sibling is competent, this contributes positively to his mother's psychological functioning, which makes her more likely to provide supportive parenting to a younger sibling, which in turn increases the odds that the younger sibling will also become competent. By contrast, an incompetent or maladjusted older sibling can set in motion a negative chain of indirect influence in the family system, leading to less supportive parenting and less positive outcomes for the younger sibling. (END OF SECTION 4.3)

social and economic changes

Since 1950, several dramatic SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGES have altered the family experience. Here are some of the changes in family life in the United States since 1950s and 1960s. 1. More single adults 2. More postponed marriages 3. More cohabitation 4. More unmarried parents 5. Fewer children 6. More working mothers 7. More divorce 8. More single-parent families 9. More remarriages 10. More empty-nest years 11. More multigenerational families 12 Fewer caregivers for aging adults.

demandingness-control

Sometimes called permissiveness-restrictiveness. Controlling and demanding parents set rules, expect their children to follow them and monitor their children closely to ensure that the rules are followed. Less controlling and demanding parents make fewer demands and allow their children a great deal of autonomy in exploring the environment, expressing their opinions and emotions, and making decisions about their activities.

authoritarian

Start with the fact that parents of different SES level rely on different parenting styles in raising children. Compared with middle-class and upper-class parents, lower-class and working-class parents tend to place more emphasis on obedience and respect for authority. They are often more restrictive and __________ reason with their children less frequently, and show less warmth and affection.

neglectful.

Start with the fact that parents of different SES level rely on different parenting styles in raising children. Parents under great stress because of economic hardship can become harsh and inconsistent sometimes to the point of being abusive and/or __________

indirect effect

The MOTHER-CHILD RELATIONSHIP cannot be understood without considering the father; nor can the FATHER-CHILD RELATIONSHIP be understood without taking the mother into account. This is because parents have _______ ________ on their children. _______ _________ are instances in which the relationship or interaction between two individuals in the family is modified by the behavior or attitudes of a third family member. Father indirectly influences the mother-infant relationship in many ways. For example, mothers who have close, supportive relationships with their partners tend to interact more patiently and sensitively with their babies than do mothers who are experiencing marital problems or feel that they are raising their children largely without help. Mothers indirectly affect the father-infant relationship. For example, fathers who have just had pleasant conversations with their wives are more supportive and engaged when interacting with their children than fathers who have just had an argument with their wives. And when the mother of an infant is depressed, the father tends to step up and devote more time to his infant than he otherwise would. For example, a screaming baby can negatively affect a couple's relationship by causing a stressed father to blow up at his wife.

interactional model

The __________ ________ improves on the parent effects and child effects models by recognizing that parent and child characteristics may combine in certain ways to influence development. The concept of GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION illustrates that interactional model. For example, aggressive behavior may develop if a child has a variant of the MAO-A gene associated with temper control problems and is raised by an abusive parent. It takes the combination of an at-risk child and an abusive environment.

permissive parents

The authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive parenting styles were originally identified and defined by DIANA BAUMRIND. In a pioneering longitudinal study, Baumrind found that ... Children of ____________ ________ were often impulsive, self-centered, rebellious, aimless, and low in independence and achievement Given little guidance, they did not learn self-control and self-direction.

authoritarian parents

The authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive parenting styles were originally identified and defined by DIANA BAUMRIND. In a pioneering longitudinal study, Baumrind found that ... Children of ______________ _______ tended to be moody and unhappy, relatively aimless, and unpleasant to be around. They had little opportunity to learn self-reliance and lack confidence in their own decision-making skills.

culture

The effectiveness of different parenting approaches can differ greatly depending on the CULTURAL or SUBCULTURAL CONTEXT in which they are used. Much seems to hinge on how common a parenting style is in a ________ or subculture and whether children view it as normal and acceptable. Example: African American parents living in high crime poverty areas in the United States sometimes rely on authoritarian and even harsh parenting in an effort to protect their children from harm. Their children tend to view this as a sign that their parents care rather than as a sign of hostility and rejection. As a result, the authoritarian parenting style does not have as many negative effects as it has in middle-class communities.

dynamic systems

The family is a ________ _________-a self-organizing system that adapts itself to changes in its members and to changes in its environment.

system

The family is a ________- and a system within other system. It is also a CHANGING SYSTEM--and a changing system in a changing world.

microsystem

The family is also a SYSTEM WITHIN OTHER SYSTEMS, which it is of the nuclear or the extended type. BIOECOLOGICAL MODEL, a system theory that emphasizes nicely that the family is a system, a ______________, that is embedded in and interacts with larger social systems such as a neighborhood, a community, a subculture, and a broader culture or MACROSYSTEM. (The family experience in our culture is different from that in cultures where new brides become underlings in the households of their mothers-in-law or where men can have several wives)

secure attachment

The family is altered when a child is born, becoming a system consisting of MOTHER, FATHER, and INFANT. The main caregiving role for parents of infants is to nurture them and form ______ ____________ with them.

56

The number of SKIRMISHES (Fights) between very young siblings can be as high as __ per hour. Jealousies, bouts of teasing, shouting matches, and occasional kicks and punches continue to be part of the sibling relationship throughout childhood. Thankfully, levels of conflict normally decrease after EARLY ADOLESCENCE as teenagers spend more time away from home.

Sibling Rivarly

The spirit of competition, jealousy, and resentment between brothers and sisters. This is a normal part of sibling relationships. (Although siblings are genetically related, they compete for their parents'attention and the resources that will ensure their survival and welfare.) (Siblings may be at odds a lot because they live in close proximity but lack the mature social skills needed to resolve conflicts and because they often feel they are treated differently by their parents.)

neglectful parents

The worst developmental outcomes are associated with the __________ ___________ ________. Children of ________ __________ display behavioral problems such as aggression and frequent temper tantrums and are at risk to become hostile and antisocial adolescents who abuse alcohol and drugs and get into trouble.

family system theory

This means that the family, like the human body, is truly a whole consisting of interrelated parts, each of which affects and is affected by every other part, and each of which contributes to the functioning of the whole.

Father's role

Throughout childhood, in fact, there are surprisingly few differences between mothers and fathers in how they interact with their children. ________'S _____ vary widely across cultures, with some helping mothers with child care on occasion if needed, others plating the role of disciplinarian, and many others barely involved because they are gone much of the time herding, serving in the military, or supporting their families as migrant workers far from home. In WESTERN SOCIETIES today, many fathers are more involved with their children than ever before.

poverty

Time spent together DECREASES, as adolescents become more involved with peers. This can make adolescents feel less involved with and supported by their parents. Parent-child conflict also increases temporarily in early ADOLESCENCE, around the onset of ___________. The bickering is mainly about minor matters such as disobedience, homework, household chores, and privileges. These SKIRMISHES in early adolescence alter the parent-child relationship.

Linked lives

We lead _____ _________-that our lives and development are intertwined with those of other members in our families.

1. parent effect model 2. child effect model 3. interactional models 4. transactional models

What are the models of influence in the family? 1. 2. 3. 4.

financial stress, resources invested in children, and cultural values, and socialization goals

What is behind socioeconomic differences in PARENTING STYLE and child outcomes? Social class differences in FINANCIAL STRESS, RESOURCES INVESTED IN CHILDREN, and CULTURAL VALUES AND SOCIALIZATION GOALS all contribute.

less attention

When Judy Dunn and Carol Kendick carefully studies young children's reactions to a new sibling, they found that mothers typically pay ____ _________ to their firstborns after the new baby arrives than before its birth. Why, then, shouldn't firstborns find being "DETHORNED" an unpleasant experience? One toddler was blunt about it, repeatedly ordering his mother to put his baby brother " back in your tummy." After a baby sister or brother arrives, firstborns sometimes become more difficult and demanding, or more dependent and clinger, and they may develop problems with their sleeping, eating, and toileting routines. Most of their battle are with their mothers; a secure attachment can even become INSECURE.

31% and 3% of firstborns

Which group of BRENDA VOLLING'S study showed the most behavior problems a few months later? The __% OF FIRSTBORNS who were clearly threatened and the _% who were disruptive showed the most behavior problems but no pattern of longer term maladjustment was detected.

high-ses families

____-___ _______ are more likely than LOW-SES FAMILIES to have fathers in the home. Fathers who do not live with their children are usually not very involved parents.

Gender stereotypes

_______ __________ would suggest that fathers are not cut out to care for infants and young children, but evidence says they are. For example, fathers are no less able than mothers to feed their babies effectively. And fathers are just as able to provide sensitive parenting, from attachments with their babies and serve as secure bases for exploration.

nuclear family

________ _________ consists of a FATHER, a MOTHER, and at least ONE CHILD.

Direct effect

________ ___________: the effects of a mother's (or father's) sensitive responding to a infants behavior.

family stress model

_________ ________ _________l: It described the negative effects of financial stressors on parents' mental health, parenting, and, in turn, child development. CONGER and his associate have found that parents who experience financial problems feel economic pressure, which tends to make them depressed, which increases conflict between them, and disrupts each partner's ability to be an effective parent. These financially stressed parents tend to be less warm and nurturant, more authoritarian, and less consistent. This breakdown in parenting then contributes to negative child outcomes such as LOW SELF-ESTEEM, POOR SCHOOL PERFORMANCE, POOR PEER RELATIONSHIPS, and ADJUSTMENT PROBLEMS such as AGGRESSION and DEPRESSION.

extended family household

__________ __________ _____________ in which parents and their children live with other kin--- some combination of grandparents, siblings, aunts, uncles, nieces, and nephews. _________ ________ ____________ are common in many cultures. In the US, African American, Asian American, Hispanic Americans, and other ethnic minorities tend to place more emphasis on extended family bonds and more often live together than European Americans.

Transactional Model

a model of family influences in which parent and child are believed to influence each other reciprocally over time and development is influenced by how their relationship evolves. That is, this model explains how parents and a child change each other as they interact. ____________ _______ captures best the concept that the family is a system in which family members lead linked lives and influence one another (Child problems may develop when the relationship between parent and child somehow goes bad as the two interact.) (By the same token, healthy child development could result when, whatever characteristics parent and child bring to the relationship, the reactions between them evolve in a positive direction over time.)

child effect model

a model that assumes it is the characteristics of the child that determine the parenting style parents use. For example, toddlers who are asserting their wills and running all over the place force parents to set limits. The concept of GENE-ENVIRONMENT CORRELATIONS in which children, because of their genetic makeup, evoke certain reactions from other people and actively create their own social environments, are examples of child effects. Indeed, evidence is accumulating that children's genetically influenced characteristics can affect not only parenting styles but marital relationships and the behavior of siblings---the whole family system.

family life cycle

a sequence of changes in family composition, roles, relationships,and developmental tasks from the time people marry until they die. (Family membership changes as new children are born, grown children leave the nest, and parents depart or die.) (The relationships between partners, parent and child, and sibling and sibling change over the years, as do the roles members play in the family.)