chap 2

What is the critical Risk Value above which evolved gas issues are prevalent?

1.5

To what altitude can humans fully physiologically acclimatize?

10,000

What altitudes apply to the Physiological Deficient Zone?

10,000 feet - 50, 00 Feet

What altitudes apply to the Physiological Deficient Zone?

10.000 feet

How many breaths per -minute does the average human maintain?

12-20

What is the partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen at SL?

159 mmHig

How long does a human take to fully physiologically acclimatize to a given altitude?

184 days per mile of altitude

How long does a human take to fully physiologically acclimatize to a given altitude?

184 days per mile of altude

Carbon monoxide has a greater affinity for hemoglobin over oxygen by how much?

250Times

1. How much does temperature decrease per 1,000 feet as we ascend into the atmosphere?

3.5 degrees F

According to NASA's studies on loss of control inflight (LOC-I) accidents, what percentage occurred from the aircrew's "inappropriate response or interaction with aircraft equipment?

46%

According to FAA experts, what percentage of aviation accidents are caused by human influence?

60-80%

What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood stream called?

Alveoli

What is the basic definition of respiration?

An exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment.

Where is atmospheric pressure the densest?

Below 10,000 feet

Below what oxygen saturation level does collapse normally occur at?

Below 60%

What the four presentations of DCS?

Bends, skin, chokes, CNS

Which gas law applies to Trapped Gas issues in aviators?

Boyle's Law

Proper oxygenation of what cell(s) in the respiration process are most important for aviators?

Brain cells/neurons

What is the most common chemical product of incomplete combustion?

Carbon monoxide

What on the aircraft is designed to filter out ozone in the atmosphere?

Catalvtic ozone converter

What type of pilot response is best used in extreme-stress events?

Conditioned or muscle-memory

What is the most dangerous gas aviators could potentially be exposed to?

Cyanide

What two areas of trapped gas are most likely to occur on descent?

Ears, sinuses

What are the common areas of trapped gas in humans?

Ears, sinuses, GI tract, teeth, lungs

What physiological issue does Henry's Law apply to?

Evolved Gas

For someone equilibrated to sea level, what altitude represents the threshold for evolved gas problems?

FL180

Which law dictates the mechanism behind evolved gas disorders?

Henry's Law

Which type of hypoxia is caused by carbon monoxide poisoning?

Hypemic

What physiological issue does Dalton's Law apply to?

Hypoxia

What is the most dangerous characteristic of hypoxia?

Insidious onset

What three steps should be taken during a lithium-ion battery thermal runaway event?

Isolate, extinguish, cool

What is percentage of oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere?

O2 21%. N2 78%

Hypercapnia is caused by low amounts of what gas in the bloodstream?

Oxygen

What four elements need to be maintained in humans for homeostasis with your environment?

Oxygen, nutrition, rest, hydration

What is the best way to clear GI gas?

Pass flatus or belch on ascent

What is the SCREAM Check?

Preflight and inflight check of the aircraft oxygen system Supply, Connection, Regulator, Emergency Equipment ,Adjustment, Mask Condition

What physiological issue does Charles' Law apply to?

Pressure gauge fluctuation

What physiological issue does Graham's Law apply to?

Respiration

What altitudes apply to the Zone of Physiologic Efficiency?

SL- 10.000 feet

Hyperventilation may cause what type of hypoxia?

Stagnant

What two areas of trapped gas are most likely to occur on ascent?

Teeth, GI tract

Doing what prior to flight increases the probability of DCS exponentially.

The Chokes

What pathway connects the middle ear with throat?

The eustachian tube

Where does temperature stabilize in the atmosphere?

The top of the Troposphere

What is the gas expansion ratio at FL250?

Three times that of sea level

What physiological issue does Boyle's Law apply to?

Trapped Gas

True or false: ground crews, flight crews, and passengers may be a source of toxic fumes.

True

What are the four phases of respiration?

Ventilation, respiration, transportation, utilization

What physiological issue does Dalton's Law apply to?

hypoxia