History Midterm

Wounded Knee

"A small battle" In South Dakota; December 29, 1980 after an accidental rifle discharge led nervous soldiers to fire into a group of Indians. This ended the Indian wars with characteristic brutality and misunderstanding. It was a massacre

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Jacob Riis

(1849-1914) Newspaper reporter, reformer, and photographer; his book, How the Other Half Lives, shocked Americans with its descriptions of slum conditions and led to tenement housing legislation in New York.

Freedman's Bureau

(1865-72), during the Reconstruction period after the American Civil War, popular name for the U.S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, established by Congress to provide practical aid to 4,000,000 newly freed black Americans in their transition from slavery to freedom. The Bureau encouraged former plantation owners to rebuild their plantations, urged African Americans to gain employment, kept an eye on contracts between labor and management, and pushed both whites and blacks to work together as employers and employees rather than as masters and as slaves. Its powers were expanded to help find lost family for African Americans and teach them to read and write so they could better do so themselves.

Treaty of Medicine Lodge

(1867) an agreement between the U.S. government and southern Plains Indians in which the Indians agreed to move onto reservations and withdraw opposition of the construction of railroads.

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president. Opposed radical reconstruction and pardoned white southerners if they took an oath of allegiance

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom., the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes. She helped turn the US to issues of concern to mothers, such as the needs of children, public health, and world peace. She said that if women were to be responsible for cleaning up their communities and making them better places to live, they needed the vote to be effective in doing so. Addams became a role model for middle-class women who volunteered to uplift their communities.

Fifteenth Amendment

1870 constitutional amendment that guaranteed voting rights regardless of race or previous condition of servitude. (gave blacks the right to vote). African Americans still had problems voting in the south. This was the impetus to the Civil Rights Movement of the late 1950s and early 1960s led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Espionage Act

1917 This law, passed after the United States entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection.

18th Amendment

1919- Progressive amendment that made the production and sale of alcohol illegal in an attempt to improve morality and family life.

Woodrow Wilson

28th President of US; tried to keep out of war as long as possible, developed 14 Points which lead to the League of Nations. Eventually approved the 19th Ammendment (women vote)

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Fourteenth Amendment

A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians. (made Blacks citizens)

Ida B. Wells

A daughter of two slaves who attended Fisk University and was a teacher and journalist. She was highly anti-lynching and went on a national tour to support it, and so had her newspaper office destroyed as a result. She continued to speak out against lynching and also supported and became a part of civil rights groups and was a supporter of women's suffrage.

Bureau of Indian Affairs

A government agency created in the 1800s to oversee federal policy toward Native Americans. Mission is to enhance the quality of life, to promote economic opportunity, and to carry out the responsibility to protect and improve the trust assets of Indians

Feminism

A movement or doctrine that advocates or demands for women the same rights granted men, such as equal economic or political status.

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights. Lynching.

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.significant because blacks no longer had their civil/liberty rights for freedom. Because they didn't have the capability or money to live on their own, blacks had to depend on the whites (still) even though they were supposedly free. This no longer made them "free".

Treaty of Fort Laramie

A treaty made between the U.S. government and the Sioux in 1868, after Sioux tribes led by Oglala Chief Red Cloud stopped U.S. construction of the Bozeman Trail between Fort Laramie and western Montana. It guaranteed the Sioux the territory in South Dakota west of the Missouri River, but the government failed to honor the treaty when gold was discovered in the Black Hills in the 1870s.

Great War

A war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918. Name given to World War 1. Began with the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand.

National Women's Party

A women's organization founded in 1916 that fought for women's rights during the early 20th century in the United States, particularly for the right to vote on the same terms as men. Led by Alice Paul.

Sitting Bull

American Indian medicine man, chief, and political leader of his tribe at the time of the Custer massacre during the Sioux War at the Battle of Little Big Horn.He was an important part of American history because he led his people when there was resistance towards the United States government for the policies they were enforcing against Native Americans at the time.

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Social Darwinism

Applied Darwin's theory of natural selection and "survival of the fittest" to human society -- the poor are poor because they are not as fit to survive. Used as an argument against social reforms to help the poor.

"We did not think of the great open plains, the beautiful rolling hills, and the winding streams with tangled growth, as 'wild.' Only to the white man was nature a 'wilderness' and only to him was the land 'infested' with 'wild' animals and 'savage' people. To us it was tame. Earth was bountiful and we were surrounded with the blessings of the Great Mystery. Not until the hairy man from the east came and with brutal frenzy heaped injustices upon us and the families we lived was it 'wild' for us."

Chief Luther Standing Bear (sioux). The plains were home to the Indians and they were happy. That is until the white men came and took their land and slaughtered their Buffalo (their way of life).

"Day by day the power of the individual sinks. Day by day the power of the classes, or the corporation rises...In all essential respects, the republic of our fathers is dead."

Declared by The People's Party Paper in Georgia. Here was the last great political expression of the nineteenth-century vision of America as a commonwealth of small producers whose freedom rested on the ownership of productive property and respect for the dignity of labor.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. American workers felt threatened by the job competition. The Chinese Exclusion Act marked the first time that the U.S. Congress passed a law to block immigration by a specific ethnic or racial group. The law ushered in a new period of American history that was defined by skepticism and occasional public hostility toward immigration, especially toward immigrants of non-European backgrounds.

"By the 1890s, the richest 1% received the same total income as bottom half of population."

Eric Foner. The rich had all of the money, and they were a small portion of the population. The rest of the population was in poverty. Immigration also made the rich richer and the immigrants stayed poor with the rest of the population. Important bc most of the country was suffering through poverty and had to live in tenements and work in poor conditions. In the United States, the 1890s were marked by a severe economic depression sparked by the Panic of 1893, as well as several strikes in the industrial workforce.

Trusts

Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies.

Jeanette Rankin

First woman to serve in Congress. Suffragist and pacifist, voted against US involvement in WWI and WWII.

Fourteen Point Plan

Fourteen goals of the United States in the peace negotiations after World War I. President Woodrow Wilson announced the Fourteen Points to Congress in early 1918. They included public negotiations between nations, freedom of navigation, free trade, self-determination for several nations involved in the war, and the establishment of an association of nations to keep the peace. The "association of nations" Wilson mentioned became the League of Nations.

"A wider freedom is coming to the women of America. Too long has it been held that woman has no right to enter thee movements. So much for the movements. Politics is the place for woman."

Frances Willard. She was a suffragist who fought for the 18th and 19th amendments to be passed. She is saying how women deserve the right to vote and take part in politics, and that freedom is in sight

"The buffalo, like the Indian, stood in the way of civilization and in the path of progress, and the decree had gone forth that they both must give way."

General Nelson Miles. Tries to justify the destruction of indian life in the west. Industrializing America was moving westward and buffalo herds along with indian tribes were targeted for destruction to make way for railroads and settlers.

"If I cannot do like a white man, I am not free."

Henry Adams. meaning even though they were not slaves anymore they still had no rights. Important bc blacks didn't consider themselves free until they had all of the same rights as white men, so they had to continue to fight for the rights they deserved.

Black Codes

Indeed, one of the main goals of the Civil War, freedoms for enslaved people, was being rolled back. One by one, southern states met Johnson's Reconstruction demands and were restored to the Union. The first order of buisness in these new, white-run governments was to enact black codes, laws that restricted freedmen's rights. The black codes established virtual slavery with provisions such as these: Curfews, Labor Contracts, Limits on women's rights, and land restrictions.

"What is freedom? Is it the bare privilege of not being chained? If this is all, then freedom is a bitter mockery, a cruel delusion."

James Garfield. Says this because most blacks can no longer vote. They make it impossible for blacks to get a decent education or buy land. They will not allow blacks to have fair trials. Soon many Southern blacks are not much better off than they had been when they were slaves. Some are worse off. Important bc the blacks were not truly free even when the government claimed they were. They felt like they were still slaves.

Anti-trusts

Laws and regulations designed to protect trade and commerce from unfair methods of business competition.

Jim Crow

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites. Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights

Sedition Act

Made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, guaranteed by the First Amendment. About 2000 people jailed, half convicted (Eugene Debs)

Labor Unions

Organizations of workers who, together, put pressure on the employers in an industry to improve working conditions and wages.

The Dawes Act

Passed by Congress in 1887. Its purpose was to Americanize the Native Americans. The act broke up the reservations, gave some of the land to Native Americans. The government was to sell the remainder to white settlers and use the income from that sale for Native Americans to buy farm equipment. But by 1932 white settlers had taken 2/3 of reservation territory, and Native Americans received no money from the sale of the reservations. authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted United States citizenship.

Ghost Dance

Ritual that celebrated a hoped for day of reckoning when settlers would disappear, buffalo would return, and Natives would reunite with ancestors. Americans didnt understand and thought it was a war dance so there was conflict

"I love to roam over the wild prairie, and when I do it I feel free and happy, but when we settle down, we grow pale and die."

Santana (Kiowa Chief). He is saying this to army generals before confinement. He means that putting Indians on reservations and confining them will ruin them, their lifestyle is to be free.

Battle of Little Big Horn

Sioux leader sitting bull led the fight against general George Custer and the 7th cavalry. The Sioux wanted miners out of the black hills, and had appealed to government officials in Washington to stop the miners. Washington doesn't listen. When custer came to little bighorn rivers sitting bull and his warriors were ready and killed them all!

"A cold wind blew across the prairie when the last buffalo fell-a death wind for my people."

Sitting Bull. The whites massacred the buffalo for fun and wasted them. They were the Indians way of life.

"Ten thousand Carnegie libraries would not compensate the country for the evils resulting from Homestead."

St Louis Post. The evils of Carnegie's corporation at Homestead and the solidarity of the workers won strikers the sympathy of the public. Homestead became an international cause. This quote argues that no matter how much Carnegie tried to compensate by doing public favors, the lives lost as a result of the tyrannic corporations will never be repaid.

Homestead

The Homestead Strike, also known as the Homestead Steel Strike, was an industrial lockout and strike which began on June 30, 1892, culminating in a battle between strikers and private security agents on July 6, 1892.pitted one of the most powerful new corporations, Carnegie Steel Company, against the nation's strongest trade union, the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers. An 1889 strike had won the steelworkers a favorable three-year contract; but by 1892 Andrew Carnegie was determined to break the union. His plant manager, Henry Clay Frick, stepped up production demands, and when the union refused to accept the new conditions, Frick began locking the workers out of the plant.underscored how difficult it was for any union to prevail against the combined power of the corporation and the government.

The Jungle

This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.

Alice Paul

United States feminist (1885-1977), head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking;, Marched with the suffragist in England , was jailed and went on a hunger strike all to help British woman win the vote. returned home to support the cause of the suffrage for American woman

"We have made partners of the women in this war, shall we admit them to partnership of suffering and sacrifice and not to a partnership of privilege and rights"

Woodrow Wilson. The war is said to have helped women gain their rights because of all they did to help. Wilson is saying that they deserve rights for all they have done. Early 20th century. He was endorsing the senators to vote for the 19th Amendment. Made the nation united. Women had to cook and clean etc but couldn't vote...doesn't make sense.

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal. "separate but equal"

Crazy Horse

a chief of the Lakota who resisted the invasion of the Black Hills and joined Sitting Bull in the defeat of General Custer at Little Bighorn (1849-1877).Crazy Horse fought because he wanted to retain control of Native American land in the west.

Indian Boarding Schools

the U.S. government set this up for the indian youth. they believed that if they erased indian culture from the youth than the indian problem would be resolved. they couldn't wear indian cloths, use their indian named, speak indian language, or practice their culture.

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War, that focused on rebuilding the nation, especially the south physically economically and socially. Reconstruction encompassed three major initiatives: restoration of the Union, transformation of southern society, and enactment of progressive legislation favoring the rights of freed slaves. Reconstruction was a mixed success. By the end of the era, the North and South were once again reunited, and all southern state legislatures had abolished slavery in their constitutions.When President Rutherford B. Hayes ordered federal troops to leave the South in 1877, former Confederate officials and slave owners gradually returned to power.Ultimately, the rights promised to blacks during Reconstruction would not be granted fully for almost another century.