Chap 3 Cell Transport SB

The concentration of solutes in a cell affects the fluid volume and pressure within the cell. This is referred to as the ____ of the solution.

tonicity

As a solute concentration rises, its rate of transport through a membrane increases up to the point where all the carriers are saturated. This point of saturation is called what?

transport maximum

A carrier that transports only one type of solute at a time is called a(n) .

uniport

Which pressure allows for the filtration of fluid from blood vessels into the extracellular fluid?

Hydrostatic

The physical force generated by a liquid, such as blood or tissue fluid, is known as

Hydrostatic Pressure

A cell placed into which solution will lose water by osmosis?

Hypertonic

a ____ solution has a higher osmotic pressure than the intracellular fluid of cells and tends to cause the cells to undergo osmotic shrinkage.

Hypertonic

When cells are placed in which solution, there is no change in cell volume or shape?

Isotonic

Which of the following is a form of vesicular transport in which receptors bind a ligand then cluster into pits that pinch off into vesicles?

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Why is it critical that the extracellular fluid have the same total concentration of nonpermeating solutes as the intracellular fluid?

To avoid changes in cell volume or pressure

If an antiport carrier moves solutes in opposite directions across a cell membrane without requiring energy, this is called ____.

countertransport

Consider two solutions of different sodium concentrations separated by a selectively permeable membrane. The net movement of water across the membrane will be from the area of ______ sodium concentration to the area of ______ sodium concentration.

lower, higher

In which process does the plasma membrane dimple (or cave in) and take in droplets of ECF within a vesicle?

pinocytosis

The process by which a cell can take in large droplets of ECF (water) is called

pinocytosis

The type of carrier protein that moves two solutes, such as glucose and sodium, in the same direction across a membrane is a(n) .

symport

A hydration sphere consists of a solute particle surrounded by ____ molecules.

water

The Na+-K+ pump moves ______ Na+ ions from the ICF to the ECF while simultaneously moving ______ K+ ions from the ECF into the ICF.

3, 2

What is a protein that participates in transmembrane transport called?

A carrier

Water molecules can form a loose reversible relationship with a solute particle by assembling into what?

A hydration sphere

Which of the following describes primary active transport?

A solute is moved up its concentration gradient using ATP.

Which carrier transports two or more solutes in opposite directions across a cell membrane?

Antiport

The movement of water in and out of the renal tubules can be increased or decreased. The tubular cells are able to do this, by changing the number of water channels, also called ____, in their membranes.

Aquaporins

What are the membrane channels that allow the movement of water across a membrane called?

Aquaporins

The heart generates pressure that drives fluid out of the capillaries and into the spaces between cells. What is this process called?

Capillary filtration

In which process does a solute bind to a carrier in the plasma membrane that then changes shape and releases the solute to the other side of the membrane?

Carrier-mediated transport

Water and electrolytes can cross a cell membrane through which of the following?

Channels

Which factors would increase the rate of diffusion?

Decreased molecular weight of diffusing compound Increased cell surface area Increased concentration difference

Oxygen passes into the bloodstream across the membranes in the lung by the process of ____.

Diffusion

What is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration called?

Diffusion

Match the direction of particle movement with the term that describes this movement.

Down a gradient -From a region of high to low concentration Up a gradient - From a region of low to high concentration

Which form of vesicular transport uses motor proteins to bring fluid and solutes into the cell?

Endocytosis

Which are types of vesicular transport?

Endocytosis and exocytosis

In which process does a secretory vesicle fuse with a cell membrane and release its contents into the extracellular space?

Exocytosis

Which mechanism of carrier-mediated transport moves a solute through a membrane without use of energy?

Facilitated diffusion

In blood capillaries, blood pressure forces fluid through gaps in the capillary wall in a process called ____.

Filtration

When the concentration of a substance gradually changes from one area to the next, we say it exhibits a concentration ____.

Gradient

a(n) ____ solution has a lower osmotic pressure than the intracellular fluid of the cell and tends to cause osmotic swelling and lysis of cells.

Hypotonic

As the molecular weight of a substance increases, what happens to its diffusion rate?

It decreases.

As a membrane surface area increases, what happens to its diffusion rate?

It increases.

As temperature increases, what happens to the rate of diffusion?

It increases.

Which of the following molecules can readily diffuse through a cell membrane?

Lipid-soluble molecules Hydrophobic molecules Nonpolar molecules

The ____ of a solution is the number of milliosmoles per liter of solution.

Osmolarity

____ of a solution is the number of milliosmoles per liter of solution.

Osmolarity

At tissue capillary beds, fluid leaves the capillaries by filtration while it moves back into the capillaries by which process?

Osmosis

The movement of specifically water from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across a semipermeable membrane is called ____.

Osmosis

What is the diffusion of water down its concentration gradient through a selectively permeable membrane called?

Osmosis

Transport mechanisms like filtration, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis are examples of which of the following forms of transport?

Passive

Which of the following are examples of passive transport?

Passive diffusion Facilitated diffusion Filtration Osmosis

Neutrophils engulf bacteria by surrounding them with pseudopods and drawing them into the cell by which process?

Phagocytosis

The process of engulfing particles (such as bacteria) by surrounding the particle and drawing it into the cell is referred to as ____.

Phagocytosis

What drives filtration through a membrane?

Physical pressure

What are the three types of endocytosis?

Pinocytosis Phagocytosis Receptor-mediated

What are three mechanisms of carrier-mediated transport?

Primary active transport Secondary active transport Facilitated diffusion

When all carriers have bound ligand and no further ligand can be transported they are said to be what?

Saturated

Sodium-glucose transporters do not directly use ATP. Their ability to move glucose is due to the previous active removal of sodium from the cell. The sodium gradient that resulted from active transport "drives" the transporter, bringing both sodium and glucose into the cell. This is an example of which of the following?

Secondary active transport

Which membrane type allows some things through and restricts the passage of others?

Selectively permeable

Which of the following assures that the ECF concentration of sodium remains much higher than the ICF concentration?

Sodium-potassium pump

Plasma membranes are selectively permeable. What does this mean?

Some compounds can permeate (pass through) the membrane while others cannot.

A carrier protein binds and transports only its particular ligand. What quality does this demonstrate?

Specificity

Which of the following correctly defines tonicity?

The ability of a solution to cause osmosis, affecting volume and pressure in the cell

In ____ a substance is taken up at one side of a cell and released from the other side. This allows substances to be transported across an entire cell.

Transcytosis

The transport of material across a cell, with capture on one side and release on the other, is by which process?

Transcytosis

When all carriers are saturated, the transport of the molecule levels off at a rate called what?

Transport maximum

What is a carrier that carries only one type of solute called?

Uniport

Which of the following moves large particles and fluid droplets across the cell membrane?

Vesicular transport

Mechanisms for moving substances across the plasma membrane that require the use of cellular ATP include ______.

active transport vesicular transport

Reverse osmosis uses a mechanical pressure to drive water through a membrane ______ its concentration gradient.

against

Passive mechanisms of membrane transport ______.

do not require ATP

The greater or steeper the concentration gradient, the ______ the rate of diffusion.

faster

The rate of diffusion across the cell membrane is ______ at high temperatures than at low temperatures.

faster

Smaller molecules diffuse ______ larger molecules.

faster than

When the concentration of a substance differs from one area to another, this creates a concentration ___.

gradient

The greater the concentration of a nonpermeating solute present in a solution, the ______ the osmotic pressure of that solution.

higher

Cells placed in a(n) ______ solution will swell and burst due to water moving into the cell.

hypotonic

Larger molecules diffuse through the cell membrane ______ than smaller molecules.

more slowly

Mechanical pressure can be applied to one side of a membrane in order to drive water through the membrane against its concentration gradient. This process is called ____ osmosis.

reverse