CHAPER 99 MR

The group receiving the treatment being studied is called the ____.

experimental group

The question as to whether the independent variable was the sole cause of the change in the dependent variable is the basic issue in ____.

internal validity

The test of an experimental manipulation to intended make sure that the manipulation does produce desired differences in the independent variable is called a ____.

manipulation check

All of the following are experimental design elements EXCEPT for the ____.

manipulation of the dependent variable

Which term refers to an alternative explanation beyond the experimental variables for any observed differences in the dependent variables?

confound

Which term refers to a treatment combination within an experiment?

cell

Which term means that subjects in all experimental groups are exposed to identical conditions except for the differing experimental treatments?

constancy of conditions

Research projects involving experimental manipulations that are implemented in a natural environment are called ____.

field experiments

When a competitor introduces a 15 percent price cut in order to blunt the effect of a test marketing study, a ____ effect has occurred.

history

When a change in the wording of questions, a change in interviewers, or a change in other procedures causes a change in the dependent variable, a(n) ____ effect has occurred.

instrumentation

Experimental results that show that consumers purchased more when a store had bright blue lights than they did when the store had bright orange lights. However, when the lighting was low, there was no difference between blue and orange lights. This illustrates a(n) ____.

interaction

If the sampling units in an experimental cell are somehow different than the units in another cell, and this difference affects the dependent variable, ____ may occur.

systematic error

A researcher is conducting an experiment in which one group of people is exposed to one advertisement and another group is exposed to another advertisement. Specifically, he is examining the effect of headline font sizes on consumers' attitude toward the brand advertised. The participants in this experimental research are referred to as ____.

subjects

When the person administering experimental procedures influences the subjects' behavior or sways them to slant their answers to cooperate with him or her, ____ has occurred.

experimenter bias

When a researcher claims that the results of a test market in Indianapolis, Indiana will hold in a national rollout of the new product, this researcher is claiming ____.

external validity

Which experimental research design involves repeated measures?

within-subjects design

Salespeople are tested one year after a sales training program and perform better on the exam, not because of the training program, but because they have gained one year's experience in sales. Which type of effect has occurred?

maturation effect

Which type of effect is a function of time and the naturally occurring events that coincide with growth and experience?

maturation effect

Monica is conducting an experiment in which all subjects see all of the ads she is testing. This type of experiment, in which an individual subject is exposed to more than one level of an experimental treatment, is called a ____ design.

repeated measures

Which experimental design involves manipulating a single independent variable to observe its effect on a single dependent variable?

basic experimental design

In which experimental research design does each subject receive only one treatment combination?

between-subjects design

In experimental research, categorical variables like a subject's gender or ethnicity are known as ____.

blocking variables

A food company tests a new product by having one group of subjects taste their own product first and then taste a competitor's product second, while a second group of experimental subjects tastes the competitor's product first followed by the company's own product. Which type of experimental design is being used?

counterbalanced

The change in the dependent variable that occurs because members of one experimental group experienced different historical situations than members of other experimental groups is called a(n) ____

cohort effect

In a certain study, different interviewers are used in a pretest from those used in the posttest and this produces different results in the study. This is an example of a(n) ____.

instrumentation effect

A set of high school students who take the ACT in their junior year perform better on that exam during their senior year because they know better how to take the exam due to what they experienced on the first exam. This is an example of a(n) ____.

testing effect

Demand characteristics can be reduced in a number of ways. Which strategy below is NOT one of these?

Administer multiple experimental treatment levels to each subject.

When some subjects stop participating in an experiment before it is completed, affecting the results of the study, a(n) ____ effect has occurred.

mortality

Caroline is participating in an experimental study in which she is taking an herbal supplement and the researcher measures her perceived energy levels for several weeks. Although she doesn't know it, the supplement she is given in the study does not contain the herb of interest. However, Caroline feels as though she has more energy than before, and she attributes it to the herbal supplement. This effect is called a(n) ____.

placebo effect

A researcher can equally distribute the effects of extraneous variables to all conditions in an experiment by using ____.

randomization