Chapt 4 (MINDTAP: Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences + Mind Tap PSYC/SOCI 205 )
To evaluate the quality and contributions of a research study
What is the primary purpose of the peer review process?
Consent form
written statement by the researcher containing information about the study, risks, benefits, etc
Research ethics involves
Coming to a consensus regarding appropriate conduct in research
Peer review
Editorial process that articles undergo when a researcher submits a research report for publication
Plagiarism
Presenting someone else's ideas or words as one's own
random assignment
Procedure in which a chance process is used to group people into conditions
The study of Ethics
Proper action
1) Tuskegee 2) Milgrim
1) Involved the deliberate withholding of the cure for syphilis, even when a cure became available 2) Incorporated deception in instructing participants to use electric shocks to punish other individuals when they made errors during a learning task
Informed consent should be obtained using reasonably understood language.
According to the APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (APA 2002, 2010), what characterizes informed consent?
National research
Act set of regulations for the protection of human participants in research, mandated by Congress
Informed consent is violated.
Another general ethical principle is "informed consent"; that is, participants must be informed of any potential risks and benefits of the study and be given the opportunity to freely decide whether they want to participate in the study. Consider the following scenario and decide whether informed consent is violated. A professor tells his/her students that their grades will be lowered if they do not participate in his/her research.
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)
Committee that examines our proposed research with respect to its treatment of non-human subjects
The no-harm principle is being violated and is a concern.
Consider the following research scenario and decide whether the ethical principle of no harm is a concern: In adults who are not diagnosed with eating disorders, eating off of a larger dinner plate has been found to increase the amount eaten. A clinical psychologist would like to conduct the study with clients diagnosed with bulimia nervosa—that is, clients who repeatedly binge on large amounts of food and then purge, commonly through vomiting—to see whether the same effect is found.
The no-harm principle is being violated and is a concern.
Consider the following research scenario and decide whether the ethical principle of no harm is a concern: There is research indicating that stress can lead to depressed mood. A researcher plans to give participants a stressful task—public speaking—to induce depression.
Informed consent may be violated
Consider the following scenario and decide whether informed consent is violated. A research study involves viewing television programming that is violently graphic in nature. Participants are not told that the study will involve viewing such images.
-The process of peer review involves carefully scrutinizing every aspect of research from justification to data analysis. -Reference citations must be included if someone else's work has merely influenced your own. -Researchers may commit fraud because of the pressures to "publish or perish."
Dr. Hernandez addresses the issue of research misconduct in her info session to introductory psychology students, who are candidates for a number of research studies at her university. A researcher at a nearby university has recently been accused of misconduct, so this topic has garnered significant press. Dr. Hernandez wants to share some insights with her students with regard to the publication process. Which of the following are accurate statements about the publication process that Dr. Hernandez might share with her students? Check all that apply.
Measurement, selected, research strategies, research designs, how, data, reported
Dr. Hernandez is a psychology professor who is also heavily involved in research at her university. She frequently coordinates the experiences of students in introductory psychology classes as they participate in research studies and has discussions about any preconceptions they might have about research experiments. At an info session, Dr. Hernandez outlines the major ethical considerations at each step of the research process. What _____ techniques may be used with which research subjects How subjects are _____ What _____ may be used What _____ may be used _____ studies are carried out How _____ are analyzed How results are _____
-Fraud is the explicit effort of a researcher to falsify or misrepresent data. -Plagiarism is the unethical representation of someone else's ideas or words as one's own.
Identify the difference between fraud and plagiarism.
Informed consent
If a researcher explains what will happen in a research study using language that potential participants probably cannot understand, then what ethical guideline is being violated?
Informed consent
In a study involving deception, which APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct principle is most compromised?
An error is an honest mistake.
In the context of a research study, how does error differ from fraud?
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
Institutions that conduct research with animals have an animal-use review board called an:
Chantelle is studying how teenage mothers interact with their toddlers. She pays them $250 to allow her to tape their interactions for two hours. Why is this approach problematic?
It might put undue pressure on the mothers to participate.
To conduct research that is impossible to conduct using human participants (Researchers who use nonhumans as subjects do so for a variety of reasons, including the following: (1) to understand animals for their own sake; (2) to understand humans (many processes can be generalized from nonhumans to humans); and (3) to conduct research that is impossible to conduct using human participants.)
Nonhuman subjects have been a part of behavioral science research for more than 100 years and probably will continue to be used as research subjects for the foreseeable future. What is one major reason why researchers use non-humans as subjects?
Long-term fear reaction to common smells
One of the general ethical principles is "no harm"; that is, the researcher is obligated to protect participants from physical or psychological harm. In Hauner et al.'s study, what is the potential harm?
- Researchers using animals in research are subject to oversight by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. - Researchers must proceed rapidly, with an effort to minimize pain, when an animal's life must be terminated. (The APA code emphasizes that qualified individuals must conduct the research, that the research must be justified, and that the researcher must be responsible for minimizing discomfort or harm. Because most research animals are housed in a laboratory setting before and after their research experience, the code also extends to the general care and maintenance of animal subjects.)
The APA provides a set of ethical guidelines for the use and treatment of nonhuman subjects that parallels the guidelines for human participants presented earlier. Which of the following statements are consistent with the APA guidelines with regard to nonhuman subjects? Check all that apply.
Guidelines
The American Psychological Association (APA) continually reviews and revises the APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (APA 2002, 2010) to provide guidance on standards of professional conduct. What term best applies to the APA's work in this area?
Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
The U.S. Department of Agriculture's requirements for the use of non-humans in research can be found in the:
All are correct
The guidelines for nonhuman subjects in research are similar to the guidelines for human participants but also include extra provisions concerning what additional topic(s)? 1) Housing 2) Medical care 3) Daily maintenance 4) All of the above
1) Description of Procedures 2) Costs and Economic Considerations 3) Overview 4) Voluntary Participation 5) Questions and Further Information 6) Benefits
The principle of informed consent requires the investigator to provide all available information about a study so that an individual can make a rational, informed decision to participate in the study. The procedure for obtaining informed consent varies from study to study, but in most situations, researchers use a written consent form. Dr. Hernandez explains the process and documents associated with informed consent to the students in the info session. 1) You will be asked to complete a questionnaire about food. You will also be asked to keep a food diary for one week. 2) You will be paid $15 in cash. 3) The goal of this study is to examine the relationship between beliefs about food and dietary patterns. 4) You may withdraw from the study at any time, without penalty. 5) If you have any questions about this study, you may contact Professor Brown at [email protected] or 555-555-1212. 6) You may learn more about your food intake.
Declaration of Helsinki, Nuremburg Code, Belmont Report
Until the mid-1900s, researchers established their own ethical standards and safeguards for human participants in their research. Communities assumed that researchers would protect their participants from harm and abide by a certain moral compass. The shift to formalized ethical guidelines came as a result of some major unethical experiments in the latter half of the century 1) Adopted by the World Medical Association 2) Developed in response to Nazi atrocities 3) Summarizes the principles set forth by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research
Participants left the study feeling ashamed and embarrassed.
What impact did the Milgram study have on participants?
Reasonable Risk in Relation to Benefits
What is one of the seven basic Institutional Review Board (IRB) criteria for studies involving human subjects?
Compare treatments when there is uncertainty about which treatment is best
What is one solution to the dilemma of clinical equipoise?
The competitive nature of an academic career
What is the primary cause of research fraud in academia?
Medical research with humans
What kind of research was the focus for most of the early attempts to establish ethical research guidelines?
Respect, beneficence, and justice
What three basic principles regarding the protection of human subjects are identified in the Belmont Report?
Replication Peer review Possible suspension
Which actions are considered safeguards for preventing fraud?
Psychologists must perform animal surgical procedures under appropriate anesthesia.
Which ethical guideline regarding animal research is upheld in the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (APA 2002, 2010)?
Insuring informed consent
Which of the following is a responsibility for the IRB but is not mentioned in the responsibilities for the IACUC? 1) Review of research proposals 2)Minimizing risk of harm to those participating in research 3) Insuring informed consent 4) Insuring that researchers are qualified
ALL of them are a responsibility of the IRB.
Which of the following is a responsibility of the IRB? 1) They decide whether the process for selecting participants is fair and equitable. 2) They decide whether it is necessary to have a signed informed consent form for each participant. 3) They decide whether the privacy and confidentially of participants are protected. 4) All of the above.
All are examples of plagiarism
Which of the following is an example of plagiarism? 1) Copying someone else's words without giving them credit 2) Paraphrasing someone else's words without giving them credit 3) Using someone else's ideas without giving them credit 4) All are examples of plagiarism
Careful review by the IRB
Which of the following was not mentioned as a safeguard against fraud? 1) Careful review by the IRB 2) Potential replication of the research 3) Peer review of the research report 4) The consequences of being found guilty of fraud
Beneficence
Which principle of the Belmont Report corresponds to the guideline of "No Harm"?
Trey, who tells study participants the experiment focuses on eye functioning, when in fact it is on sexual attraction
Which research assistant is engaging in active deception? 1) Bonnie, who does not tell the study participants that they are being videotaped while they perform a memory task 2) Sergei, who places a microphone in the laboratory without informing the study participants and asks them to repeat words on a screen 3) Trey, who tells study participants the experiment focuses on eye functioning, when in fact it is on sexual attraction 4) Mila, who secretly watches the behavior of study participants while they play video games with violent content
The motivation for criminal behavior using anonymous mail surveys
Which research proposal would most likely be classified as a Category I proposal by the IRB? 1) The effects of alcohol on impulsive behavior after administering alcohol in a laboratory setting 2) The impact of violent video games on aggressive behavior using observation during game playing 3)The motivation for criminal behavior using anonymous mail surveys 4)The effectiveness of a novel antidepressant medication on patients with bipolar disorder
1) Allows researchers to dispense with informed consent under certain specific circumstances 2) Permits psychologists to offer reasonable inducements, including money, for research participation 3) Requires that psychologists inform potential participants of their right to refuse to participate in research and their right to withdraw from the research at any time 4) Requires researchers to take reasonable steps to minimize harm, should it occur
Which statements are consistent with the APA guidelines? Check all that apply.
The participants experienced shame and embarrassment for having behaved inhumanely toward others.
Why did the Milgram obedience study bring the questionable treatment of human participants to the forefront?
Common Rule
code of federal guidelines, title 45, part 46, based on principles of the Belmont report
Institutional Review Board (IBR)
committee that examines all proposed research with respect to its treatment of human participants
APA ethics code
common set of principles and standards on which psychologists build their professional and scientific work
Anonymity
ensuring that individual's names are not associated with the information obtained from them
Clinical equipoise
ethical issue requiring clinicians to provide the best possible treatment for their patients
Fraud
explicit effort of a researcher to falsify and misrepresent data
Placebo
ineffective, inert substitute for a treatment or medication
Active deception
intentional presentation of misinformation about the study to its participants
Passive deception
intentional withholding of information, whereby participants are not told some information about the study
Confederate
person who pretends to be a participant but actually is working for the researcher
Debriefing
post experimental explanation of the purpose of the study
Confidentiality
practice of keeping strictly secret to the information or measures opting into during a research study
Informed consent
principle requiring an investigator to provide all available information about a study to a participant
Deception
purposeful withholding of information or misleading of participants about a study
Research ethics
responsibility of researchers to be respectful to all individuals who may be affected by research
Nuremberg code
set of guidelines for the ethical treatment of human participants in research
Treatment condition: 50 people receive an antidepressant medication
situation or environment characterized by the active level of manipulated variable
Ethics
study of proper action
Control group 50: people receive sugar pill (placebo)
substitute for a treatment or medication
Belmont report
summary of the basic ethical principles for protecting humans in research published in 1979