Chapter 1-3 LearnSmart & Quizzes

_______ assignment of subjects to groups in a research study helps to ensure that members of treatment and control groups have similar characteristics. This enhances the validity of the study results.

random

How many kilocalories are in one gram of alcohol?

7

A(n) _____ is the amount of the nutrient that should meet the needs of 50% of the healthy people who are in a particular life stage/gender group.

EAR

Which types of studies cannot establish cause and effect?

Epidemiological

Comparing individuals with iron-deficiency anemia to individuals who have very similar characteristics but are healthy would be an example of:

a case-control study

Which statement is true?

moderation applies to all food groups

Diet is a

pattern of food choices

It is more practical and less expensive to _____ a disease than to treat it.

prevent

A drug

-May be natural or man-made -Is a substance that alters body functions -May have beneficial as well as harmful effects

Example of soul foods include:

-black-eyed peas -sweet potato pie

Which of the following are examples of dietary supplements?

-echinacea -fish oil

Which of the following studies involve human subjects?

-observational studies -experimental (intervention) studies

Lena weighs 165 pounds. What is her weight in kilograms?

75 kg

Lipids contain ____ kcal per gram

9

Poor eating habits contribute to the development of:

Some types of cancer, heart disease, excess body fat, type 2 diabetes

A dietary supplement is a product that contains:

amino acids vitamins minerals

John telling his friend that taking a new weight loss pill helped him effectively lose weight is an example of _____ information

anecdotal

Generally, epidemiology studies:

cannot determine cause and effect relationships

The information we know about the relationship between diet and health is:

constantly evolving

A product that contains a vitamin, a mineral, an herb or other plant product an amino acid, or a dietary substance that supplements the diet by increasing total intake is called a(n)

dietary supplement

A way to reduce calorie intake is to eat smaller amounts of food included in the ________ ______ allowance or eliminate them altogether

empty calorie

Which term describes a food or beverage that is a poor source of micronutrients in relation to its energy value?

empty-calorie

The major role of carbohydrate is to provide the body with

energy

A nutrient that must be supplied by food and cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body is called a __________ nutrient.

essential

A person in a scientific experiment who receives a non-placebo drug is a member of the _____ group.

experimental

What is the state of health when the body is improperly nourished, including under- and overnutrition

malnutrition

Phytochemicals

may have healthful benefits

Malnourished children are especially susceptible to _______.

measles

Which of the following is a rich source of phytochemicals?

peaches

Which of the following foods is energy and nutrient dense?

peanut butter

The amount of a nutrient that allows the body to function optimally is called the ____ dose.

physiological

Cohort studies can be retrospective or ________

prospective

One of the best sources to consult with in order to solve nutrition imbalances is a

registered dietician

Water

regulation of body temperature, elimination of wastes, and transportations of substances

A _______ is the smallest amount of a nutrient that maintains a defined level of nutritional health

requirement

Consumers are often unaware that

the FDA evaluated supplements as foods, not medication

in 2016, the National Academy of Sciences reported

there is no scientific evidence that indicates genetically engineered crops are unsafe for humans or harmful to the environment

Observational epidemiological research includes

-cohort studies -case-control studies

Sustainable agriculture involves farming methods that

-do not harm the environment -do not deplete natural resources

Which of the following would be effective in decreasing a person's risk for premature death?

-exercising regularly -consuming fruits and vegetables

Which of the following are examples of whole foods?

-fruits -vegetables -whole-grain cereals

Poor eating habits contribute to the leading causes of death to Americans. The top two leading causes of death to Americans are ________.

-heart disease -cancer

The nutrition facts panal

-indicates the % daily value of some food constituents -indicates serving amounts -lists certain food constituents

To convert pounds to kilograms, you will divide a person's weight in pounds by ________.

2.2 kg

Sodium Intake should be limited to less than _____ per day

2300mg

a gram of protein contains ________ kilocalories per gram.

4

______ depicts the key elements of a healthy diet. It emphasizes the fruit, vegetable, grain, protein, and dairy food groups. The goal is to remind consumers to think about building a health plate at meal times and to learn more about healthy eating.

MyPlate

Nutrient toxicity may result from _______.

Taking megadoses of a supplements, eating large amounts of foods that are fortified.

The basic premise of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans includes which of the following statements?

The Dietary Guidelines are designed to promote good health and reduce the risk of major nutrition-related chronic health conditions

Which of the following best describes a kilocalorie?

a unit describing the energy content of food.

Increase physical ______ and reduce time spent in __________ behaviors in order to balance calories to manage weight.

activity; sedentary

No specific food contains _________ the nutrients needed by the body

all of

The Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) is

based on the average daily energy needs of a healthy person

Credible nutrition information includes ________.

bias-free presentation of the research

A _______ group, which receives no treatment, allows researchers to determine if an experimental treatment has any effect.

control

A valid experiment requires both a treatment and ______ group

control

T/F: Most foods are predominantly one nutrient

false

Vitamins

maintenance of immune function, production and maintenance of tissues, and protection against agents that can damage cellular components

The total of all chemical processes that occur in living cells.

metabolism

The standard measurement used in nutrition is the

metric

Dietary supplements are also referred to as _____

nutraceuticals

________ is the study of how the body uses nutrients

nutrition

_______ foods are foods produced without the use of antibiotics, hormones, or synthetic fertilizers, or pesticides

organic

Before an article can be published, a critical analysis of the article is conducted by fellow research colleagues. This process is called _______ _______.

peer review

The nutrients that provide energy are

proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

_______ is the presentation of information masquerading as factual and obtained by scientific methods

pseudoscience

Using a copper bracelet to treat arthritis is an example of

quackery

A(n) ____________ is a personal endorsement of a product. These endorsements are biased and often found in advertisements for various products.

testimonial

Fortification

the addition of nutrients to foods that are normally not present designed the nutrient content of the food

Enrichment

the replacement of some nutrients that are lost during processing

By making certain dietary changed (such as decreasing fat intake), a person may:

-forestall the development of certain diseases -lessen the severity of a disease

Choose the objectives that are set by Healthy People 2020 for Nutrition and Weight Status

-increase the variety and intake of vegetables among people who are 2 years of age and older -reduce the proportion of of obese children and adolescents -increase the proportion of adults who have a healthy weight

Reducing one's risk for heart disease and/or cancer can be achieved by:

-limiting alcohol intake -maintaining a healthy weight -avoiding tobacco exposure

Which of the following are the major classes of nutrients?

-lipids -carbs -water

Which of the following dietary guides were inspired by the Food Guide Pyramid?

-mediterranean diet pyraminds -asian diet pyramids

Which of the following are examples of risk factors?

-nutritional habits -heredity -smoking

Nutrient deficiency diseases are a result of

-poor diets -lack of proper nutrition

Potential problems associated with undernutrition during pregnancy include:

-premature births -death of mother

Nutrition misinformation, or nutrition fiction, _______.

-promotes purchase of special products -uses personal testimonials -is widespread in our culture

A college-trained health-care professional who has extensive knowledge of foods and nutrition is called a

-registered dietitian (RD) -registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN).

Breast milk is considered the best food for young infants because

-sanitary -it is nutritionally adequate -it provides immunity

Which of the following are ways to be a careful consumer of nutrition information from the internet?

-search multiple webistes -do not trust information on websites that do not indicate valid sources -avoid websites that provide online diagnoses and treatments

The prevent unwanted weight gain one should

-stay within daily calorie needs -increase physical activity

Dietary analysis software programs and websites can be quick and easy tools for determining

-the energy content of foods -the nutrient content of foods

Authentic Mexican meals are based primarily on

-tortillas -rice -beans

Organize the basic steps of experimental epidemiological research in order from start to finish.

1. Make observations 2. Develop a hypothesis 3. Design the study and preform tests 4. Analyze data and draw conclusions 5. Share results with peers

Researchers from Cornell University have written a manuscript about the impact of soy consumption on breast cancer risk. Which of the following people is best qualified to be a peer reviewer of the manuscript before it is published.

A researcher from the University of Illinois who specialized in soy research, but did not collaborate on the study.

Major nutrition organizations put together a list of red flags that signal poor nutrition advice. These include which of the following?

recommendations based on a single study, claims that sound too good to be true, recommendations that promise a quick fix

Which of the following results in a loss of nutrients in a food?

refinement

Minerals

regulation of fluid balance, formation of certain chemical messangers, structural and functional components of various substances and tissues

The most reliable nutrition advice is based on

research

Having a family history of heart disease means that you have increased chance of developing heart disease and is considered a _________ ________

risk factor

Heredity, lifestyle choices, and nutritional habits are all examples of

risk factors

Evidence based information is supported by

scientific studies

The use of dietary supplements ______ be shared with your doctor

should

Which of the following is the number one cause of preventable death?

smoking

A(n) _______ describes the role a nutrient or dietary supplement plays in maintaining a structure, such as bone or promoting a normal function, such as digestion

structure/function claim

An antioxidant is a(n)

substance that protects cell components from being damaged or destroyed

T/F: Nuts are an example of a food that is energy dense but do not contain empty calories.

true

T/F: Studying the different dietary practices and disease occurrences among populations, nutrition scientists may learn much about the influence of diet on health

true

Which of the following is not one of the 10 leading causes of death in the United States?

tuberculosis

A _____ is a unit of heat energy needed to raise one liter of water one degree Celsius

kilocalorie

The general requirements that must be met before a health claim can be made for a food product include:

-the foods must be a good source of fiber, protein, vitamin A, calcium, or iron -the claim may describe the relationship between the product and disease

Which of the following are true statements about medical herbs?

-they should be treated as drugs -they interact negatively with medications -they can have negative interactions with other herbs

Experimental epidemiological studies utilize

-treatment group -control group

A website that is authored or sponsored by one person tends to provide _____ information.

biased

The body gets nutrients from:

food

What are the appropriate uses of the DRI standards?

-to reduce the risk of nutrient deficiencies -to prevent disease -to achieve optimal health -to ensure that one specific nutrient is not over consumed

The average daily energy intake that meets the needs of a healthy person maintaining his weight is the

EER (estimated energy requirement)

T/F: On a food label, a Calorie is really a kilocalorie

true

A _______ is a factor such as person's age, weight, or environment that can change and influence an outcome

variable

Traditional Asian foods generally feature large amounts of

vegetables and rice or noodles

An energy intake greater then energy expenditure results in:

body fat increases

Which of the following is true about trans fat?

keep trans fat as low as possible

Which of the following best describes Dietary Reference Intakes?

Umbrella term for various nutrient recommendation set by the Food and Nutrition Board

A group of scientists observe a group of college students over 4 years to determine which of their characteristics leads to weight gain. This study is an example of:

a prospective study

Which term best describes a person's usual pattern of food choices?

diet

Generally speaking, the typical American diet ____ comply with the UDSA's dietary guidelines

does not

A plant chemical that is not considered a nutrient but may provide health benefits is called a

phytochemical

Many ______ are antioxidants that may reduce risks of heart disease and certain cancers

phytochemicals

An inert ingredient does not produce any measurable physical changes. What type of treatment pill contains inert substances and does not produce any measurable physical changes?

placebo

Generally, a sham medicine or treatment used to mimic the treatments given to the participants in an experiment is called a(n)

placebo

______ is the most essential nutrient.

water

Consumers need to be skeptical of nutrition and health-related claims because

A. promoters of worthlessness nutrition products are good marketers. C. Nutrition misinformation can be spread through a variety of sources. D. The FDA cannot prevent the spread of misinfoormation published.

Which of the following are suggestions to help consumers make healthful and logical nutrition decisions?

Avoid practitioners who prescribe unnecessary megadoses of nutrients, apply healthy nutrition practices to confirm or disprove claims, examine the scientific credentials of the individual or company making a claim, and read the product labels carefully.

Judy wants to find out the amount of a specific nutrient needed to sustain good health. She initially checks the RDA requirements and cannot locate that nutrient. Her next step is to

Check AI standards

The amount of a nutrient that should meet the needs of half of the healthy people in a particular group is the

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

Your diet is likely to be nutritionally adequate if your average daily intake for each nutrient meets the nutrients ____ or AI value

RDA

The ________ ________ _______ _____ is the standard representing the highest average amount of a nutrient that is unlikely to be harmful when consumed daily

Tolerable Upper Intake Level

Which of the following websites is most likely to provide biased and unreliable nutrition information?

a site that promotes or sells dietary supplements (.com)

When a nutrient is missing or deficient in the diet, a _____ disease occurs

deficiency

____ calorie foods are ones that are high in solid fats and/or added sugar. They provide calories, but few to no nutrients. Some examples are cookies, cakes, sodas, pizzas, and candy

empty

The government agency that enforces consumer protection laws by investigating false or misleading health-related claims is the

federal trade commission (FTC)

Which of the following substances would be classified as a dietary supplement according to the Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act of 1994?

ginseng

Use of dietary supplements, especially medicinal herbs, should be shared with health care providers because

herbal ingredients may interact with prescription medications or other dietary supplements

Experiments using whole, living organisms are classified as

in vivo experiments

Which is true about the percent Daily Value used on the Nutrition Facts label?

it shows how a single serving compares to the Daily Value

A person's way of living that includes patterns of behavior such as dietary practices and physical activity habits is called

lifestyle

Special diets prescribed for people with chronic health conditions are called:

medical nutrition therapies

What is the term used to describe the intake of a vitamin or mineral that greatly exceeds the recommended amount?

megadose

A ____ is a nutrient needed in milligram or microgram quantities in the diet

micronutrient

Which two nutrients provide no usable calories for the body?

minerals and vitamins

The typical American today consumes ______ fate, sugar, and total kilocalories than in 1970

more

Since the Pima Indians have adopted a more "western diet," obesity and type 2 diabetes is

more common

In the United States, what contributes to the development of diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease?

poor diet and sedentary lifestyle

It is important to keep ____ under control so that you can eat a balance and varied diet without consuming more calories, fat, cholesterol, sugar, and sodium than you need

portion size

T/F: Botanical products can evoke allergic and inflammatory reactions because they often contain pollens.

true

Which of the following are considered macronutrients?

-carbs -proteins -fats

The ___ is the federal agency responsible for ensuring the safety and effectiveness of new medications.

FDA

The participants in an experiment who are NOT given the treatment being tested are known as the _______ group

control

A(n) ______is a systematic way of testing a hypothesis.

experiment

The Exchange System was originally developed to assist those with

diabetes

People who take certain herbal products or use other unconventional medical therapies to prevent or treat diseases are often convinced the products and treatments are effective, despite the general lack of scientific evidence to support their beliefs. Such personal findings may be examples of

placebo effect

Which nutrient comprises the largest percentage of the body of a healthy man or woman?

water

When two variables have a relationship they are said to be in ______ with each other but you cannot say there is a cause and effect relationship

correlation

T/F: The dynamic and rapidly advancing field of nutrition necessitates that scientists change their recommendations in the light of new, substantiated findings.

true

Infant formula may be diluted with ______ by poor parents trying to extend the use of the formula.

water

The traditional Asian dietary patter is lacking in ______

calcium-rich foods

The effects of malnutrition can be devastating on the following staged of rapid growth:

childhood, infancy, pregnancy

A type of epidemiological study where researchers observe a population and collect data over time is called a ______ study.

cohort

Lipids

energy source and necessary for the absorption of certain vitamins

The endosperm is mostly:

starch

What term is used to describe a nutrient recommendation, when nutrition scientists are unable to develop RDAs for nutrients due to a limited body of research on the nutrient (this is part of the Dietary Reference Intakes)?

AI