Chapter 1-4 Takeaways

Ultrasound is defined as sound frequencies greater than ______ kHz or _____ to ______ MHz.

20 kHz, 1-20 MHz

Blood volume is approximately _____ quarts in a normal sized man.

5

More than ____% of sonographers have some form of MSDs that can be attributed to their work activities.

80

What is the name of the "gold standard" organization through which you will obtain registries?

American Registry of Diagnostic Medical Sonography (ARDMS)

_______ is the basis for all real-time imaging in ultrasound.

B-mode

Doppler ultrasound uses two basic modes: ______ and ______

CW and PW

T or F: RBC's primary role is to fight infection.

F

T or F: A 5MHz frequency will be able to penetrate more than a 2MHz frequency.

False

T or F: Higher frequencies have longer wavelengths.

False

T or F: It is okay to force an exam on a patient because you know it will prove to be beneficial in providing a diagnosis.

False

T or F: It is the sonographers job to tell the reading radiologist how to interpret the exam.

False

The pharynx is part of what body system?

GI

What are three of the most common diseases spread by bloodborne transmission?

HIV, AIDS, and Hepatitis B

What does HIPAA stand for?

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

The _____ is formed by the portal confluence of the right and left common iliac veins and lies to the right of the spine.

IVC

The spleen lies in the _____ quadrant and the _______ region.

LUQ, left hypochondriac

The right posterior subphrenic space that lies between right lobe of liver and right kidney

Morison's pouch

The gallbladder lies in the ____ quadrant.

RUQ

A resource organization that serves to provide continual education and resources for students and sonographers is

Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers (SDMS)

What accrediting organization helps regulate environmental cleanliness within the hospital?

The Joint Commission (TJC)

T or F: A 5MHz frequency will provide better detail/resolution than a 2MHz frequency.

True

T or F: Current uses of contrast in sonography are primarily utilized in echocardiography.

True

T or F: It is the sonographer's job to analyze each image in determining diagnostic quality.

True

T or F: Power and intensity are directly related.

True

What are the three most common forms of nosocomial infections?

UTI, pneumonia, surgical site infections

What does WRMSD stand for?

Work-related musculoskeletal disorder

When the Nyquist limit is exceeded, the artifact associated is called

aliasing

Axial resolution deals with the ability to distinguish objects positioned

along the axis of the beam (parallel)

An abnormal condition where the blood lacks a normal number of RBCs

anemia

What are the three spaces that the retroperitoneal space is divided into?

anterior pararenal, posterior pararenal, and perirenal

The _____ lies anterior to the spine and slightly left of the midline of the abdomen.

aorta

Accumulation of fluid

ascites

Basic unit of all matter

atom

The loss of sound energy in a structure is called

attenuation

The area of the urinary system that can serve as a sonographic window for the pelvic cavity

bladder

A coordinated group of tissues and organs that work together to perform specific functions

body system

Inflammation of the shoulder burse from repeated motion is called

bursitis

What is the name of the syndrome involving entrapment of the median nerve in the wrist?

carpal tunnel syndrome

4 primary types of tissue found in the body

connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous

When we discuss image resolution, we are talking about the _______ of an image.

detail

The muscle that separates the abdominopelvic cavity and the thoracic cavity is the

diaphragm

Power doppler increases sensitivity, however, does not provide information on _______ of flow.

direction

The two principle body cavities are the_______ and the ______ cavities.

dorsal, ventral

Shortness of breath is called

dyspnea

Painful urination is termed

dysuria

A transducer converts ________ energy into _______ energy.

electrical, mechanical

The pancreas lies in the _____ region.

epigastric

The passage between the greater and lesser sac allowing communication between these two spaces

epiploic foramen

The study of the human body at work

ergonomics

Red blood cells are also called

erythrocytes

T or F: A transducer with a large footprint is needed for an echocardiogram.

false

T or F: If a patient has an "accident" while in your care, it is acceptable to send them back to the nurse for clean up.

false

T or F: Sonographers should completely depend on administration/managers in prevention of MSK injuries.

false

T or F: The left kidney lies slightly lower than the right.

false

T or F: When applying doppler to a vessel, if the angle exceeds 60 degrees, the velocity will be accurate.

false

The best defense against MRSA in hospital settings is

hand washing and PPE

In blood composition, besides the plasma, what is another word for the "formed elements"?

hematocrit (plasma is 55%, formed elements 45%)

Formation of new blood cells is called

hematopoiesis

High blood pressure is also called

hypertension

When echogenicities are difficult to ascertain and appear similar, the term used would be

isoechoic

Highly vascular organs whose function is to produce urine and maintain homeostasis

kidneys

Fibrous band that stretches from xiphoid to symphysis pubis

linea alba

What organs lie in the abdominal cavity?

liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, adrenal glands, kidneys, ureters, stomach, small& large intestines, bladder & uterus & prostate glands

Name the three functions of the blood

maintain pH, transport oxygen and nutrients, defends against infection

To help control the spread of diseases by airborne transmission, we must wear ______ for protection.

masks

A two layer fold of the peritoneum that attaches to intestines is

mesentery

Physical and chemical changes in the body are referred to as

metabolism

M-mode stands for _______ mode and is used to detect and analyze _______.

motion, movement

A two layer fold of the peritoneum that attaches to the stomach and is divided into greater and lesser

omentum

Specialized parts of cells

organelles

Groups of tissues combine to form

organs

The primary role of a sonographer is to focus on the _______ and provide ________ care.

patient, patient-focused

The area between the anus and the scrotum/vaginal area is called _______ and is in the shape of a _______.

perineum, diamond

Serous membrane that lines the walls of the abdominal cavity and clothes the abdominal viscera is the _________. It consists of two layers, the ________ and _______.

perineum, visceral, parietal

What does POCUS stand for?

point of care ultrasound

The posterior cul-de-sac is also called the

rectouterine pouch or pouch of Douglas

What organs lie in the retroperitoneal cavity?

rectum, urinary bladder, reproductive organs, some large intestines like duodenum

The difference in acoustic impedance between tissues is

reflection

A change in the direction of sound is called

refraction

The ________ retroperitoneal space lies on the posterior abdominal wall behind the parietal perineum.

retroperitoneal

The aorta bifurcates into

right and left iliac arteries

The majority of the right lobe liver lies in the ______ and _______ regions.

right hypochondriac, epigastric

The head of the pancreas lies more to the _____ of the midline, whereas the tail lies more to the _____ of the midline.

right, left

The dynamic range setting determines the number of

shades of gray

Sound attenuation/absorption results in what sonographic artifact?

shadowing

What are the top three WRMSDs related to sonographers?

shoulder, wrist, elbow

Lateral resolution is the ability to distinguish objects positioned

side by side (perpendicular)

The more focal zones used, the _______ the frame rate of the image will be, and temporal resolution will _______.

slower, decrease

The horizontal plane line that joins the lowest point of the costal margin is called the _______ plane.

subcostal

TGC stands for __________ and is used to adjust gain levels at specific _______.

time gain compensation, depths

T or F: Applying a correct hold on the transducer can help prevent MSK injuries.

true

T or F: Using proper body mechanics helps prevent MSK injuries.

true

T or F: the true pelvis protects and contains the lower parts of the intestinal, urinary tracts, and reproductive organs.

true

The pelvis is divided into the ______ and ______ pelvis

true and false

What 4 parts does the urinary system consist of?

ureters, kidneys, bladder, urethra

The anterior cul-de-sac is also called the

vesicouterine pouch

Plasma is primarily composed of

water (91%)

Leukocytes are called

white blood cells