Chapter 1-4 Takeaways
Ultrasound is defined as sound frequencies greater than ______ kHz or _____ to ______ MHz.
20 kHz, 1-20 MHz
Blood volume is approximately _____ quarts in a normal sized man.
5
More than ____% of sonographers have some form of MSDs that can be attributed to their work activities.
80
What is the name of the "gold standard" organization through which you will obtain registries?
American Registry of Diagnostic Medical Sonography (ARDMS)
_______ is the basis for all real-time imaging in ultrasound.
B-mode
Doppler ultrasound uses two basic modes: ______ and ______
CW and PW
T or F: RBC's primary role is to fight infection.
F
T or F: A 5MHz frequency will be able to penetrate more than a 2MHz frequency.
False
T or F: Higher frequencies have longer wavelengths.
False
T or F: It is okay to force an exam on a patient because you know it will prove to be beneficial in providing a diagnosis.
False
T or F: It is the sonographers job to tell the reading radiologist how to interpret the exam.
False
The pharynx is part of what body system?
GI
What are three of the most common diseases spread by bloodborne transmission?
HIV, AIDS, and Hepatitis B
What does HIPAA stand for?
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
The _____ is formed by the portal confluence of the right and left common iliac veins and lies to the right of the spine.
IVC
The spleen lies in the _____ quadrant and the _______ region.
LUQ, left hypochondriac
The right posterior subphrenic space that lies between right lobe of liver and right kidney
Morison's pouch
The gallbladder lies in the ____ quadrant.
RUQ
A resource organization that serves to provide continual education and resources for students and sonographers is
Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers (SDMS)
What accrediting organization helps regulate environmental cleanliness within the hospital?
The Joint Commission (TJC)
T or F: A 5MHz frequency will provide better detail/resolution than a 2MHz frequency.
True
T or F: Current uses of contrast in sonography are primarily utilized in echocardiography.
True
T or F: It is the sonographer's job to analyze each image in determining diagnostic quality.
True
T or F: Power and intensity are directly related.
True
What are the three most common forms of nosocomial infections?
UTI, pneumonia, surgical site infections
What does WRMSD stand for?
Work-related musculoskeletal disorder
When the Nyquist limit is exceeded, the artifact associated is called
aliasing
Axial resolution deals with the ability to distinguish objects positioned
along the axis of the beam (parallel)
An abnormal condition where the blood lacks a normal number of RBCs
anemia
What are the three spaces that the retroperitoneal space is divided into?
anterior pararenal, posterior pararenal, and perirenal
The _____ lies anterior to the spine and slightly left of the midline of the abdomen.
aorta
Accumulation of fluid
ascites
Basic unit of all matter
atom
The loss of sound energy in a structure is called
attenuation
The area of the urinary system that can serve as a sonographic window for the pelvic cavity
bladder
A coordinated group of tissues and organs that work together to perform specific functions
body system
Inflammation of the shoulder burse from repeated motion is called
bursitis
What is the name of the syndrome involving entrapment of the median nerve in the wrist?
carpal tunnel syndrome
4 primary types of tissue found in the body
connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous
When we discuss image resolution, we are talking about the _______ of an image.
detail
The muscle that separates the abdominopelvic cavity and the thoracic cavity is the
diaphragm
Power doppler increases sensitivity, however, does not provide information on _______ of flow.
direction
The two principle body cavities are the_______ and the ______ cavities.
dorsal, ventral
Shortness of breath is called
dyspnea
Painful urination is termed
dysuria
A transducer converts ________ energy into _______ energy.
electrical, mechanical
The pancreas lies in the _____ region.
epigastric
The passage between the greater and lesser sac allowing communication between these two spaces
epiploic foramen
The study of the human body at work
ergonomics
Red blood cells are also called
erythrocytes
T or F: A transducer with a large footprint is needed for an echocardiogram.
false
T or F: If a patient has an "accident" while in your care, it is acceptable to send them back to the nurse for clean up.
false
T or F: Sonographers should completely depend on administration/managers in prevention of MSK injuries.
false
T or F: The left kidney lies slightly lower than the right.
false
T or F: When applying doppler to a vessel, if the angle exceeds 60 degrees, the velocity will be accurate.
false
The best defense against MRSA in hospital settings is
hand washing and PPE
In blood composition, besides the plasma, what is another word for the "formed elements"?
hematocrit (plasma is 55%, formed elements 45%)
Formation of new blood cells is called
hematopoiesis
High blood pressure is also called
hypertension
When echogenicities are difficult to ascertain and appear similar, the term used would be
isoechoic
Highly vascular organs whose function is to produce urine and maintain homeostasis
kidneys
Fibrous band that stretches from xiphoid to symphysis pubis
linea alba
What organs lie in the abdominal cavity?
liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, adrenal glands, kidneys, ureters, stomach, small& large intestines, bladder & uterus & prostate glands
Name the three functions of the blood
maintain pH, transport oxygen and nutrients, defends against infection
To help control the spread of diseases by airborne transmission, we must wear ______ for protection.
masks
A two layer fold of the peritoneum that attaches to intestines is
mesentery
Physical and chemical changes in the body are referred to as
metabolism
M-mode stands for _______ mode and is used to detect and analyze _______.
motion, movement
A two layer fold of the peritoneum that attaches to the stomach and is divided into greater and lesser
omentum
Specialized parts of cells
organelles
Groups of tissues combine to form
organs
The primary role of a sonographer is to focus on the _______ and provide ________ care.
patient, patient-focused
The area between the anus and the scrotum/vaginal area is called _______ and is in the shape of a _______.
perineum, diamond
Serous membrane that lines the walls of the abdominal cavity and clothes the abdominal viscera is the _________. It consists of two layers, the ________ and _______.
perineum, visceral, parietal
What does POCUS stand for?
point of care ultrasound
The posterior cul-de-sac is also called the
rectouterine pouch or pouch of Douglas
What organs lie in the retroperitoneal cavity?
rectum, urinary bladder, reproductive organs, some large intestines like duodenum
The difference in acoustic impedance between tissues is
reflection
A change in the direction of sound is called
refraction
The ________ retroperitoneal space lies on the posterior abdominal wall behind the parietal perineum.
retroperitoneal
The aorta bifurcates into
right and left iliac arteries
The majority of the right lobe liver lies in the ______ and _______ regions.
right hypochondriac, epigastric
The head of the pancreas lies more to the _____ of the midline, whereas the tail lies more to the _____ of the midline.
right, left
The dynamic range setting determines the number of
shades of gray
Sound attenuation/absorption results in what sonographic artifact?
shadowing
What are the top three WRMSDs related to sonographers?
shoulder, wrist, elbow
Lateral resolution is the ability to distinguish objects positioned
side by side (perpendicular)
The more focal zones used, the _______ the frame rate of the image will be, and temporal resolution will _______.
slower, decrease
The horizontal plane line that joins the lowest point of the costal margin is called the _______ plane.
subcostal
TGC stands for __________ and is used to adjust gain levels at specific _______.
time gain compensation, depths
T or F: Applying a correct hold on the transducer can help prevent MSK injuries.
true
T or F: Using proper body mechanics helps prevent MSK injuries.
true
T or F: the true pelvis protects and contains the lower parts of the intestinal, urinary tracts, and reproductive organs.
true
The pelvis is divided into the ______ and ______ pelvis
true and false
What 4 parts does the urinary system consist of?
ureters, kidneys, bladder, urethra
The anterior cul-de-sac is also called the
vesicouterine pouch
Plasma is primarily composed of
water (91%)
Leukocytes are called
white blood cells