Chapter 1

Structural organization smallest-->largest

1. Atoms 2. Molecules 3. Cells 4. Tissue 5. Organs 6. Systems 7. Organisms

Structural levels of organization smallest-->largest

1. Chemical level (atoms and molecules 2. Cellular level 3. Tissue level 4. Organ level 5. Organ system level 6. Organism level

What are the 11 organ systems?

1. Integumentary System 2. Skeletal System 3. Muscular System 4. Nervous System 5. Endocrine System 6. Cardiovascular System 7. Lymphatic System 8. Respiratory System 9. Digestive System 10. Urinary System 11. Reproductive System

anterior/posterior

Anterior (front), posterior (back)

Types of Gross anatomy

Comparative anatomy, development anatomy, embryology, regional anatomy, surface anatomy, systemic anatomy

where are anatomical terms derived from?

Greek or Latin roots

What is the big stuff of anatomy?

Gross anatomy/macroscopic anatomy

Organs

Groups of tissues that work together Ex. heart

Organism

Largest Unit - All systems working together Ex. Human

Medial/Lateral

Medial: towards the midline Lateral: away from the midline

What is the little stuff of anatomy like cells?

Microscopic Anatomy

Cells

Molecules functioning together Ex. Cardiac muscle cell

Which is the primary function of the muscular system?

Produce body movement

Proximal/distal

Proximal= closer to trunk Distal= farther from trunk

respiratory systems

Responsible for exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood and the air in the lungs

Atoms

Smallest unit Ex. Na+

Embryology

Study of developmental changes occurring prior to birth.

sytemic anatomy

Study of structures involved with a specific activity Ex. skeletal, digestion, reproductive

Regional Anatomy

Study of structures within a single region Ex. the head, neck, or abdomen

What is the anatomical position?

The body is erect, the feet are slightly apart, the head is held high, and the palms of the hands are facing forward

cardiovascular system

The transport system of the body responsible for carrying oxygen. hormones, gases and nutrients to the body and carrying away carbon dioxide and other wastes; composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Transportation. makes circuit.

nervous system

a regulatory system that controls body movement, responds to sensory stimuli, helps control all other systems of body, responsible for consciousness intelligence and memory. Fastest communicator. control center. responds to stimuli. Ex. brain, spinal cord, nerves

what is the anatomical position used for?

a standard reference point for describing location of structure in the body

Molecules

atoms bonded together Ex. Na-Cl

Dorsal

back, posterior

Ventral

belly, anterior

Which organ system consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels?

cardiovascular system

the simplest organization level is what?

chemical level

endocrine system

consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones, some of which regulate body and cellular growth, chemical levels in body and reproductive organs. Glands produce hormones

Posterior (dorsal) cavites

cranial: brain vertebral: spinal

Section

cut made through the body in the direction of a certain plane

coronal (frontal) plane

divides body into front and back

Midsagittal (median) plane

divides the body into right and left sides

transverse (horizontal) plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Which of the approaches to gross anatomy is specifically concerned with developmental changes occurring prior to birth?

embryology

Comparative anatomy

examines similarities and differences in anatomy of species

What is the function of the respiratory system?

exchange of gases between blood and the air in the lungs

superficial

external

urinary system

filters the blood and removes waste products from the blood, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body. balances water and salt levels. Kidney*

Tissues

group of cells functioning together Ex. Cardiac Muscle

Systems

group of organs working together Ex. cardio vascular sysytem

Describe serous membrane

has iner visceral layer that touches the organ. Then has serous fluid. Then a parietal layer that touches the cavity wall.

cranial

head

axial region

head, neck, trunk/main axis of body

Cardio = ?

heart

Which subdivision of microscopic anatomy examines how groups of specialized cells function together for a common purpose?

histology

plane

imaginary flat surface passing through the body

serous fluid

in between parietal layer and visceral layer

deep

internal

appendicular region

limbs

digestive system

mechanically and chemically digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products

Communication Systems

nervous system and endocrine system

When the nose, pharynx, and trachea collaborate to clean, warm, humidify, and conduct air from the atmosphere to the gas exchange surfaces in the lungs, which level of organization is depicted?

organ system level

What are the major body cavities?

posterior (dorsal) cavities and ventral cavities

female reproductive system

produces female sex cells (oocytes) and female hormones (e.g. estrogen and progesterone); recieves sperm from male; site of fertilization of an oocyte; site of growth and development of an embryo and fetus.

male reproductive system

produces male sex cells (sperm) and male hormones (testosterone), transfers sperm to the female

integumentary system

provides protection, regulates body temperature, site of cutaneous receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, prevents water loss. outer cover. Barrier from outside world. Ex. Hair, skin, nails

skeletal system

provides support and protection, site of hemopoiesis (blood cell production), stores calcium and phosphorus, provides sites for muscle attachments Ex. Bones, Joints

Using an ultrasound or an MRI to study internal structures is an example of ______.

radiographic anatomy

In ______, which is a division of gross anatomy, all the elements in a particular area of the body are examined as a whole.

regional anatomy

What are ventral cavities lined by?

serous membrane

surface anatomy

study of internal structures as their locations relate to regions of skin or other surface markings

What is anatomy?

study of structure (what is it?) (what is it made of?) (what are the parts?)

Developmental Anatomy

study of structure changes within an individual from conception through maturity

An example of pathologic anatomy would be ______.

studying the changes of blood cells due to cancer. anything that examines anatomic changes resulting from disease.

Superior/Interior

superior (above), interior (below)

Which study examines both superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures as they relate to the skin covering them?

surface anatomy

______ is used by health-care providers to obtain a pulse.

surface anatomy

A physician locates the L4 vertebra by drawing an imaginary line between the hip bones. The intersection of this line with the vertebral column shows the location of L4. This is an example of what branch of anatomy?

surgical anatomy

Studying the kidneys, urinary bladder, and urethra, the components of the urinary system, would be an example of ______?

systemic anatomy

Caudal

tail

how would you describe regional anatomy.

the body can be divided into many regions. You can study those any of those regions.

Systemic anatomy studies ______.

the gross anatomy of each organ system in the body

Cytology refers to _____.

the study of cells and their internal structures

ventral cavities

thoracic: heart and lungs abdominopelvic: digestive organs

A group of muscles cells performing a common function would be called a(n) ______.

tissue

In the human body, epithelium is exemplified at which structural level of organization?

tissue level

Organizations of similar cells that perform specialized functions are ______.

tissues

Derived from Greek, the word anatomy means "______".

to cut apart

what are sections and planes used for?

to visualize internal and 3-D anatomy of body parts relative to each other

Parietal layer

touches cavity wall

visceral layer

touches organ

lymphatic system

transports and filters lymph and participates in immune response if necessary. Interstitial liquid transported through lymph vessels. filter. white blood cells.

Vascular = ?

vessels