Chapter 1
Structural organization smallest-->largest
1. Atoms 2. Molecules 3. Cells 4. Tissue 5. Organs 6. Systems 7. Organisms
Structural levels of organization smallest-->largest
1. Chemical level (atoms and molecules 2. Cellular level 3. Tissue level 4. Organ level 5. Organ system level 6. Organism level
What are the 11 organ systems?
1. Integumentary System 2. Skeletal System 3. Muscular System 4. Nervous System 5. Endocrine System 6. Cardiovascular System 7. Lymphatic System 8. Respiratory System 9. Digestive System 10. Urinary System 11. Reproductive System
anterior/posterior
Anterior (front), posterior (back)
Types of Gross anatomy
Comparative anatomy, development anatomy, embryology, regional anatomy, surface anatomy, systemic anatomy
where are anatomical terms derived from?
Greek or Latin roots
What is the big stuff of anatomy?
Gross anatomy/macroscopic anatomy
Organs
Groups of tissues that work together Ex. heart
Organism
Largest Unit - All systems working together Ex. Human
Medial/Lateral
Medial: towards the midline Lateral: away from the midline
What is the little stuff of anatomy like cells?
Microscopic Anatomy
Cells
Molecules functioning together Ex. Cardiac muscle cell
Which is the primary function of the muscular system?
Produce body movement
Proximal/distal
Proximal= closer to trunk Distal= farther from trunk
respiratory systems
Responsible for exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood and the air in the lungs
Atoms
Smallest unit Ex. Na+
Embryology
Study of developmental changes occurring prior to birth.
sytemic anatomy
Study of structures involved with a specific activity Ex. skeletal, digestion, reproductive
Regional Anatomy
Study of structures within a single region Ex. the head, neck, or abdomen
What is the anatomical position?
The body is erect, the feet are slightly apart, the head is held high, and the palms of the hands are facing forward
cardiovascular system
The transport system of the body responsible for carrying oxygen. hormones, gases and nutrients to the body and carrying away carbon dioxide and other wastes; composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Transportation. makes circuit.
nervous system
a regulatory system that controls body movement, responds to sensory stimuli, helps control all other systems of body, responsible for consciousness intelligence and memory. Fastest communicator. control center. responds to stimuli. Ex. brain, spinal cord, nerves
what is the anatomical position used for?
a standard reference point for describing location of structure in the body
Molecules
atoms bonded together Ex. Na-Cl
Dorsal
back, posterior
Ventral
belly, anterior
Which organ system consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels?
cardiovascular system
the simplest organization level is what?
chemical level
endocrine system
consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones, some of which regulate body and cellular growth, chemical levels in body and reproductive organs. Glands produce hormones
Posterior (dorsal) cavites
cranial: brain vertebral: spinal
Section
cut made through the body in the direction of a certain plane
coronal (frontal) plane
divides body into front and back
Midsagittal (median) plane
divides the body into right and left sides
transverse (horizontal) plane
divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Which of the approaches to gross anatomy is specifically concerned with developmental changes occurring prior to birth?
embryology
Comparative anatomy
examines similarities and differences in anatomy of species
What is the function of the respiratory system?
exchange of gases between blood and the air in the lungs
superficial
external
urinary system
filters the blood and removes waste products from the blood, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body. balances water and salt levels. Kidney*
Tissues
group of cells functioning together Ex. Cardiac Muscle
Systems
group of organs working together Ex. cardio vascular sysytem
Describe serous membrane
has iner visceral layer that touches the organ. Then has serous fluid. Then a parietal layer that touches the cavity wall.
cranial
head
axial region
head, neck, trunk/main axis of body
Cardio = ?
heart
Which subdivision of microscopic anatomy examines how groups of specialized cells function together for a common purpose?
histology
plane
imaginary flat surface passing through the body
serous fluid
in between parietal layer and visceral layer
deep
internal
appendicular region
limbs
digestive system
mechanically and chemically digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products
Communication Systems
nervous system and endocrine system
When the nose, pharynx, and trachea collaborate to clean, warm, humidify, and conduct air from the atmosphere to the gas exchange surfaces in the lungs, which level of organization is depicted?
organ system level
What are the major body cavities?
posterior (dorsal) cavities and ventral cavities
female reproductive system
produces female sex cells (oocytes) and female hormones (e.g. estrogen and progesterone); recieves sperm from male; site of fertilization of an oocyte; site of growth and development of an embryo and fetus.
male reproductive system
produces male sex cells (sperm) and male hormones (testosterone), transfers sperm to the female
integumentary system
provides protection, regulates body temperature, site of cutaneous receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, prevents water loss. outer cover. Barrier from outside world. Ex. Hair, skin, nails
skeletal system
provides support and protection, site of hemopoiesis (blood cell production), stores calcium and phosphorus, provides sites for muscle attachments Ex. Bones, Joints
Using an ultrasound or an MRI to study internal structures is an example of ______.
radiographic anatomy
In ______, which is a division of gross anatomy, all the elements in a particular area of the body are examined as a whole.
regional anatomy
What are ventral cavities lined by?
serous membrane
surface anatomy
study of internal structures as their locations relate to regions of skin or other surface markings
What is anatomy?
study of structure (what is it?) (what is it made of?) (what are the parts?)
Developmental Anatomy
study of structure changes within an individual from conception through maturity
An example of pathologic anatomy would be ______.
studying the changes of blood cells due to cancer. anything that examines anatomic changes resulting from disease.
Superior/Interior
superior (above), interior (below)
Which study examines both superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures as they relate to the skin covering them?
surface anatomy
______ is used by health-care providers to obtain a pulse.
surface anatomy
A physician locates the L4 vertebra by drawing an imaginary line between the hip bones. The intersection of this line with the vertebral column shows the location of L4. This is an example of what branch of anatomy?
surgical anatomy
Studying the kidneys, urinary bladder, and urethra, the components of the urinary system, would be an example of ______?
systemic anatomy
Caudal
tail
how would you describe regional anatomy.
the body can be divided into many regions. You can study those any of those regions.
Systemic anatomy studies ______.
the gross anatomy of each organ system in the body
Cytology refers to _____.
the study of cells and their internal structures
ventral cavities
thoracic: heart and lungs abdominopelvic: digestive organs
A group of muscles cells performing a common function would be called a(n) ______.
tissue
In the human body, epithelium is exemplified at which structural level of organization?
tissue level
Organizations of similar cells that perform specialized functions are ______.
tissues
Derived from Greek, the word anatomy means "______".
to cut apart
what are sections and planes used for?
to visualize internal and 3-D anatomy of body parts relative to each other
Parietal layer
touches cavity wall
visceral layer
touches organ
lymphatic system
transports and filters lymph and participates in immune response if necessary. Interstitial liquid transported through lymph vessels. filter. white blood cells.
Vascular = ?
vessels