Chapter 1

Ebbinghaus's experiment (savings, savings curve):

(original time to learn the list)-(Time to relearn the list after the delay) memory drops rapidly for the first 2 days after learning then levels off

Structuralism

Our overall experience is determined by combining basic elements of experience called sensations. What is this idea called?

C. presentation

Reaction time refers to the time between the _____________ of a stimulus and a person's response to it. A. sensation B. transduction C. presentation D. change in intensity

Process models

represent the processes that are involved in cognitive mechanisms, with boxes usually representing specific processes and arrows indicating connections between processes.

Analytic introspection

(Wundt) A technique in which trained subjects described their experiences and though processes in response to stimuli

Periodic table of the mind

(Wundt) Table which would include all of the basic sensations involved in crating experience

Behaviorism

Observable behavior, not consciousness, is the main topic of study. It's goal is to predict behavior

B. B.F. Skinner

Which of the following psychologists is known for research on operant conditioning? A. Wilhelm Wundt B. B.F. Skinner C. John Watson D. Franciscus Donders

B. B.F. Skinner

Who proposed that children's language development was caused by imitation and reinforcement? A. Noam Chomsky B. B.F. Skinner C. Keller Breland D. John Watson

The mind must withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others

William James's best known observation:

B. measure the amount of time it takes to make a decision

6. The main point of the Donders' reaction time experiments was to A. show that reaction times can be measured accurately. B. measure the amount of time it takes to make a decision. C. determine differences in the way people react to stimuli. D. show that our cognitions are often based on unconscious inferences.

A. cognitive map

A mental conception of the layout of a physical space is known as a(n) A. cognitive map B. artificial intelligence C. memory consolidation D. mental model

Logic theorist program

A primitive artificial intelligence program which was able to create proofs of mathematical theorems that involve principles of logic

What is the information-processing approach?

An approach that traces sequences of mental operations involved in cognition. The operation of the mind can be described as occurring in a number of stages. The thing like a computer

A. process

An early model of memory indicates that incoming information is first handled by "sensory" memory, is then moved to "short term" memory, and finally is pushed into "long-term" memory. This model, proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968, is an example of a(n) ______________________ model. A. process B. structural C. nomothetic D. idiographic

D. less than one second

Donders' measurement of reaction time is particularly important because it demonstrated the "time course" on which the mind operates. Donders found that it took ______________ to decide which of two buttons to push in response to a stimulus. A. between one and two seconds B. two to five seconds C. more than five seconds D. less than one second

B. structural

Douglas is working on a project for his cognitive psychology class. He builds a plastic model of the human brain, paints each major structure a different color, and constructs a "map" that shows which functions are controlled by which brain component. Douglas's project is working from a(n) _________________ model of cognitive psychology. A. analytic B. structural C. consolidative D. process

Working memory

Holds incoming information for a fraction of a second and then passes it along to short term

Classical conditioning

How paring one stimulus with another previously neutral stimulus causes changes in response to the neutral stimulus

Working memory

Involved in holding information in memory as it is being manipulated as occurs when doing math

making a machine behave in ways that would be called intelligent if a human were so behaving

McCarthy's definition of the artificial intelligence approach:

C. an inborn biological program

Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by A. operant conditioning B. classical conditioning C. an inborn biological program D. cultural influences.

Language development is determined not by imitation or reinforcement, but by an inborn biological program that holds across cultures. Skinner thought children learned language through operant conditioning.

Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by what? What did B. F. Sinner think?

B. cognitive psychology

The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind is called A. introspection B. cognitive psychology. C. memory consolidation D. behaviorism

D. several different cognitive processes can take place at one time

The example at the beginning of the lecture (which was about the question "What is the capital of Vermont?"), was used to illustrate how A. both physiology and behavior is important to the study of cognition. B. cognitive psychologists study problem solving in adults. C. human cognition is affected by emotional events. D. several different cognitive processes can take place at one time.

A. artificial intelligence

The field that studies how to make machines behave in ways that are intelligent if a human were so behaving is known as A. artificial intelligence B. cognitive psychology C. flow diagramming D. behaviorism

Behavior

The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be measured by analyzing what?

A. Leipzig, Germany

The first formal laboratory of psychology, where the approach of structuralism was created, was founded in which city? A. Leipzig, Germany B. Paris, France C. Baltimore, Maryland, USA D. Madrid, Spain

B. Wilhelm Wundt

The founder of the first laboratory of scientific psychology was A. Hermann von Helmholtz B. Wilhelm Wundt C. Franciscus Donders D. Hermann Ebbinghaus

B. operant conditioning

The investigation of how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers (e.g., food) or withdrawal of negative reinforcers (e.g., shock) is best known as A. choice reaction time B. operant conditioning C. the method of savings D. classical conditioning

Cognition

The mental processes such as perception attention and memory that are what the mind does

A. cognitive psychology

Using behavior to infer mental processes is the basic principle of A. cognitive psychology B. behaviorism C. operant conditioning D. humanism

There are limits to the human's ability to process information and that the information processing of the human mind is limited to about seven items

What ideas were presented in the paper "The Magical Number Seven Plus or Minus Two"?

Holds memory of events in your life

What is episodic memory?

Memory for physical actions

What is procedural memory?

Memory for facts

What is semantic memory?

Holds info for seconds and then transfers it to long term

What is the role of short term memory?

Ulrich Neisser in 1967

When was the first text book titled "Cognitive Psychology" printed? Who wrote it?

1950's

Which decade is recognized as the beginning of the cognitive revolution?

Computers

Your text describes the occurrence of a "cognitive revolution" during which dramatic changes took place in the way psychology was studied. This so-called "revolution" occurred parallel to (and, in part, because of) the introduction of:

Cognitive map

a conception of the layout of a physical space

Operant conditioning

focused on how behavior is strengthened by the presentation of positive reinforcers