Chapter 1: An Introduction to Geology

They believed Earth to be much younger than current estimates.

Compared to the age of Earth accepted as correct today, how did 17th and 18th century proponents of catastrophism envision the Earth's age? 1. They believed it to be about the same as current estimates, give or take a few million years. 2. They believed Earth to be much younger than current estimates. 3. They believed Earth to be much older than current estimates. 4. None of the above - they didn't really address the age of Earth.

Lithosphere

The ________ forms the relatively cool, brittle plates of plate tectonics. asthenosphere lithosphere eosphere astrosphere

Astrosphere

The ________ is not a part of the Earth's physical environment. atmosphere astrosphere solid Earth hydrosphere

Crust

The ________ is the thinnest layer of the Earth. outer core mantle inner core crust

Outer core

The ________ is thought to be a liquid, metallic region in the Earth's interior. outer core lithosphere mantle inner core

Nebular Theory

The ________ proposes that the bodies of our solar system formed at essentially the same time from a rotating cloud of gases and dust. Heliocentric theory Big Bang theory Plate Tectonics theory Nebular hypothesis

Biosphere

The ________ refers to the sum total of all life on Earth. biosphere atmosphere asthenosphere hydrosphere

Mantle

The asthenosphere is actually a part of the ________ of the Earth. mantle inner core crust outer core

solid iron-nickel alloy

The composition of the core of Earth is thought to be ________. solid iron-nickel alloy granite basalt peridotite

4.6 billion

The currently accepted age of Earth is ________ years. 4.6 billion 6.4 million 6.4 trillion 4.6 thousand

False 4.6 billion

The currently accepted age of Earth is approximately 4.5 million years

True

True or False Internally, the Earth consists of spherical shells with different compositions and densities.

False the lithosphere overlaps the asthenosphere

True or False The asthenosphere is a relatively cool and rigid shell that overlies the lithosphere.

False

True or False A scientific theory is a tentative or untested explanation that is proposed to explain scientific observations.

True

True or False According to the rock cycle, any type of rock (igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic) may be transformed into another type of rock, given enough time.

False

True or False Aristotle and other prominent Greek philosophers were the first ones to promote the doctrine of uniformitarianism

False

True or False Igneous rocks are produced largely by the deposition and consolidation of surface materials like sand and mud.

True

True or False In an open system both energy and matter flow into and out of the system

True

True or False Much of our modeling of Earth's interior comes from the study of seismic or earthquake waves.

True

True or False The law of superposition applies primarily to sediment rocks and lava flows

True

True or False The lithosphere and asthenosphere are both layers of Earth defined by their composition.

Historical geology involves the study of rocks strata, fossils, and geological events, utilizing the geological time scale as a references; psychical geology includes the study of how rocks form and how erosion shapes the land surface

What are the basic difference between the discipline of physical and historical geology?

Any sedimentary deposit accumulates on top of older rock or sediment layers.

Which of the following best describes the fundamental concept of superposition? 1. Older strata generally are deposited on younger strata without intervening, intermediate age strata. 2. Older fossils in younger strata indicate a locally inverted geologic time scale. 3. Any sedimentary deposit accumulates on top of older rock or sediment layers. 4. Strata with fossils are generally deposited on strata with no fossils.

Sedimentary rocks may weather to igneous rocks.

Which one of the following statements is not correct? 1 Metamorphic rocks may melt to magma. 2 Sedimentary rocks may weather to igneous rocks. 3 Magmas crystallize to form igneous rocks. 4 Igneous rocks can undergo metamorphism.

Weathering

_______ is the process by which rocks breakdown in place to produce soils and sediments. Subduction Weathering Metamorphism Lithification

Castastrophism

_______, a popular natural philosophy of the 17th and early 18th centuries, was based on a firm belief in a very short geologic history for Earth. Exoschism Ecospherism Uniformitarianism Catastrophism

Uniformitarianism

________ is often paraphrased as "the present is the key to the past." Catastrophism Biblical prophecy Aristotelian logic Uniformitarianism

Sedimentary

________ rocks always originate at the surface of the solid Earth. Sedimentary Secondary Igneous Metamorphic

indigenous

________ rocks form by crystallization and consolidation of molten magma. Igneous Sedimentary Primary Indigenous

James Hutton

________ was an important 18th-century English geologist and proponent of uniformitarianism. 1. James Hutton 2. James Ussher 3. Charles Lyell 4.Isaac Newton

Closed

a __________ system is one which energy movies freely in and out but no matter enters or leaved the system closed open feedback equilibrated

Theory

A ________ is a well-tested and widely accepted view that best explains certain scientific observations. law hypothesis generalization theory

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Aristotle

...was the highly influential, ancient Greek philosopher notes for his writings and teaching on natural philosophy and on the workings of Earth.

along the margins of continents

Active mountain belts are most likely to be found ________. scattered throughout continents along only the eastern margins of continents along the margins of continents in the interior regions of continents

assumption of conclusions without prior experimentation or observation

All of the following are possible steps of scientific investigation except for ________. 1. development of observations and experiments to test the hypotheses 2. the collection of scientific facts through observation and measurement 3. assumption of conclusions without prior experimentation or observation 4. the development of one or more working hypotheses or models to explain facts

inner core, outer core, mantle, crust

In correct order from the center outward, Earth includes which units? inner core, outer core, mantle, crust inner core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere core, inner mantle, outer mantle, crust

Paleozoic

he ________ division of the geologic time scale is an era of the Phanerozoic eon. Permian Proterozoic Paleozoic Paleocene

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