Chapter 1 & 2 Anatomy Review

Function of digestive system? Examples of components?

Breaks down food for nutrients. Includes oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum & anus

What are lipids? What are their classes? What its chemical formula?

C, H, O. insoluble in water, can be a triglyceride, phospholipid, steroid, eicosanoids

What is a hydrogen bond?

attractive force between positive hydrogen and electronegative atom

What is the lateral region?

away from the midline e.g: the arm is lateral to the heart

What is the intermediate region?

between a medial and lateral structure e.g: the collarbone is intermediate to the breastbone and shoulder

Function of female reproductive system? Examples of components?

production of offspring, production of eggs and sex hromones, development of fetus and production of milk. Include mammary glands, ovaries, uterus, uterine tube, vagina

What is a pH buffer? Whats the most important conversion?

release H+ ions if blood is basic, and absorb when blood is acidic. carbonic acid - bicarbonate

Function of nervous system? Examples of components?

responds to internal and external changes by activating muscles & glands. Include nerves, brain & spinal cord.

What is a synthesis, decomposition, and exchange reaction?

small particles form to become bigger, bonds are broken in big molecules to form smaller molecules, bonds are made and broken to form new ones

What are the superficial and deep regions?

towards the body surface, away from body surface

Function of cardiovascular system? Examples of components?

transport blood, carries oxygen, co2, waste, nutrients. Components include blood vessels & heart.

What is RNA?

Single stranded that is active outside the nucleus for protein synthesis. Have bases A, G , C & U. Include mRNA, tRNA and rRNA

What are the two body cavities?

Ventral - shoulders to pelvis, dorsal - brain to abdomen

How does the platelet plug display positive feedback?

When a break or tear occurs in a vessel, platelets adhere to site and release chemicals that attract more platelets, the feedback cycle ends when plug is formed.

What are the subcavities of the dorsal body cavity?

cranial, vertebral.

Function of integumentary system? Examples of components?

external covering, vitamin d synthesizer, houses cutaneous receptors. Include hair, skin, nails

Function of the skeletal system? Examples of components?

framework for muscles, blood cells are formed in bones, bones store minerals. Includes bones & joints

What is the principle of complementarity of structure and function?

function always reflects structure, what structure does depends on its form

What is a protein? what is their structure?

Amino acids formed by peptide bonds, contain C H N O and sometimes S and P

What are the 8 characteristics to life?

Boundaries, movememnt, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth

What is positive feedback?

Changes from set point are exaggerated e.g: depolarization of action potential, birthing process

What are the levels that make up an organism?

Chemical, molecular, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

What is the proximal region?

Closer to the origin of the body, where the limb attaches to body e.g: the elbow is proximal to the wrist

What is DNA?

Double stranded helixcal model for genetic info. Has four bases, A, G , C & T also contains deoxyribose and phosphate group

Function of urinary system? Examples of components?

Eliminates nitrogen, regulates water, electrolytes and acid-base balance. Includes kidney, ureter, bladder & urethra

What is the distal region?

Further from the origin of the body, where the limb attached. e.g: the wrist is distal to the elbow

What are phospholipids? What is their function?

Glycerol, two fatty acids and two phosphate heads. Part of cell membrane

Function of muscular system?

Locomotion, manipulation of environment, produces heat, maintains posture

Difference between macrocopic anatomy (gross), Microscopic Anatomy & Developmental anatomy?

Macroscopic - large visible structures e.g: regional, system, surface. Microscopic - structures that cant be seen with the eye e.g: cystsology the study of cells, histology the study of tissues. Developmental - development through life e.g: embroyology

What is homeostasis?

Maintenance of stable internal conditions, dynamic state of equilibrium

What systems control regulation of internal conditions?

Nervous & endocrine

Survival needs of humans?

Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temp, normal pressure

Function of lymphatic system? Examples of components?

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it, disposes of debris in lymphatic stream, houses lymphocytes (white blood cells). Includes red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen and lymph nodes

Function of male reproductive system? Examples of components?

Production of offspring, production of sperm and sex hormones. Include prostate, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens

What are enzymes?

Proteins that lower reaction activation energy

Function of endocrine system? Examples of components?

Regulate internal processes like growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Include pineal gland, thyroid, pituitary, adrenal gland, pancreas, thymus, ovaries and testis.

What is the process of maintaining homeostasis?

Stimulus, receptors (afferent pathway), control centre, efferent pathway , effectors, response

What are carbs? What is their function? What are their classes? What its chemical formula?

Sugars & starches, cellular fuel, structural monomers. Can be monosacharide, disacharide or polysacharide. CH20

Function of respiratory system?Examples of components?

Supplies oxygen, removes co2, occurs in sacs of lungs. Includes nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus & lungs

What is physiology?

The study of body function

What is anatomy?

The study of body structure

what are triglycerides? What is their function?

Three fatty acids and a glycerol sugar, used for insulatiom, protection and energy storage

What are the body planes and section?

Transverse - divides legs from torso horizontally, frontal (coronal) -slices body in half vertically, median (midsagittal) - slices body in half vertically

What are acids and bases? Examples of each?

acids are proton donor include acetic acid hcl and carbonic acid, bases are proton acceptors, release OH- include bicarbonate and ammonia

What is negative feedback?

changing conditions in a direction that return conditions to normal e.g: thermoregulation, blood volume

What is a steroid?

hormones in the body, 4 hydrocarbon rings interlocking

Difference between inorganic and organic compounds?

inorganic - salts, water, acids, bases, no carbons. Organic = carbs, proteins, fats, nucleic acids, contain carbons

what is pH?

measurement of of concentration of H+ ions on a scale from 0-14 (it is logrithmic)

What is medial region?

midline of the body e.g: heart is medial to the arm

What are the major elements of the body?

oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen

What is biochemistry?

the study of chemical composition of living matter

What are the subcavities of the ventral cavity?

thoratic cavity (heart and lungs) which includes superior mediastinum , pleural cavity, pericardial. abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity