chapter 1, Anthropology Chapter 2 study guide, Anthropology Test Questions Chapter 3

claiming the exclusive right to the symbols that give it power and meaning

"owning" culture means

when did anthropology emerge as an academic disipline

1800s

culture helps shape the basic things all humans must do for biological survival (food preferences)

A cross-cultural perspective on eating insect larvae would reveal

values

A focus on __________________ helps anthropologists understand intrinsically desirable principles held by a group of people.

Qualitative methods

A research strategy producing an in-depth and detailed description of social activities and beliefs.

big man political system -achieve social status; everyone wanted to become a coffee planter

A social consequence of introducing coffee into the highlands of Papua New Guinea was that

both names and classifies all organisms according to a system

A taxonomic structure is one that

interpretative

An ___________________ approach to culture, such as that promoted by Clifford Geertz, Victor Turner, and Mary Douglas, emphasizes that culture is a shared system of meanings

cross cultural perspective

Anthropologist believe that analyzing human cultural phenomenon by comparing those phenomena across different societies, called the ________________________ approach, is necessary to appreciate how "artificial" our beliefs and actions are.

relativism--> interpret and make sense of another culture in terms of the other culture's perspective

Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by

integrated

Because our values and beliefs include many elements of life such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is

true

Clyde Kluckhohn argued that both biological and cultural aspects of humanity must be seen as a continuum of small changes.

construction

Collective definitions of proper and improper behavior that "build" meanings through common experiences and negotiations are cultural ________________________.

ancestry

Comparing DNA sequences allows us to understand whether organisms are connected through common ___________

it denies the influence of other factors like physical environment and human biology on human behavior; justifies horrific actions (atrocities); all human action is product of culture alone

Cultural determinism is unproductive for cultural analysis because

true

Culture consists of the collective processes that make the artificial seem natural.

knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society

Culture is (includes what characteristics?)

the 19th century british anthropologist credited with the development of the concept of culture through evolutionary perspective was

E.B Taylor

the assumption that one's own way of doing things is correct

Ethnocentrism is

patterns of kinship and marriage (domestic arrangements, the organizations of sex and reproduction, raising children), economic activities (farming, herding, manufacturing, and trade), religious institutions (rituals, religious organizations), and political forms for controlling power

Examples of social institutions are

Contemporary cultural anthropologists often rank societies along an evolutionary scale from "primitive" to "advanced." T/F

FALSE

Historical archaeologists excavate sites where written historical documentation exists that provide an accurate description of the way the people actually live. T/F

FALSE

T/F The scientific method is a research method in pursuit of ultimate truth

FALSE

important to understand Native American claims from their point of view but it doesn't mean we should accept them as the only way to view the issue

How would a critical relativist explain Native American criticisms of cultural appropriation

this way of teaching organizes people to promote shared cultural goals; obedience to authority - social institutions

If a functionalist were to explain why the teacher lectures from the front of the classroom to students organized in neatly arranged chairs, she or he would emphasize that

everyday interactions

If you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would most likely focus on

niche construction

In terms of the extended evolutionary synthesis, large-scale agriculture, which produces massive amounts of both food and pollution, can be understood as a form of

new/ invented

Many anthropologists are wary about traditions, because, while they may feel antiquated to some people, they are often

interpretive theory

Michael Ames developed exhibits with native Canadian communities at the Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia because he believed in _________________________.

false

Non-random mating among the Hutterite sect in Canada is a good example of how genetic drift works.

people learn them from an early age and because of the social pressure to conform

Norms are stable because

change in organisms was related to their adaptability to a particular environment

One of the central ideas of Darwin's theory of evolution was the idea that

through the choice of a sexual partner

One of the important ways that genetic material is moved between different populations, such as through gene flow, is

it challenges the biological reductionism of much evolutionary theory

One of the more important ways that anthropology contributes to the development of evolutionary theory is that

modification happens before genetic changes appear that keep the change in place across generations

Plasticity can be understood as not being Lamarckian because

Anthropologists have always approached a problem by specializing in one of the four subfields T/F

TRUE

Diversity, defined anthropologically, refers to both multiplicity and variety, which is not the same thing as "difference" T/F

TRUE

Franz Boas

The American anthropologist responsible for the concept of historical particularism was named

a great chain of being

The Greek philosopher Aristotle proposed that all life was arranged in

developmental bias

The ability of African cichlids, a popular pet fish, to develop highly similar body shapes despite coming from two different and geographically distant environments is an example of

the interconnections between different domains of a society

The application of a holistic perspective to understand changes in everyday practices, such as eating breakfast cereals, reveals

ethnocentrism

The assumption that one's own way of doing things is correct, while dismissing other people's practices or views as wrong or ignorant.

the power of tradition

The controversy between Native Americans and National Collegiate Athletic Association schools using mascots illustrates

individual societies develop particular cultural traits and undergo unique processes of change

The defining feature of historical particularism is

ethnocentrism

The experience of feeling that the way your culture does things is the right way and any different way of doing things is wrong is called

colonialism

The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones.

greek philosophers

The idea of biological evolution was first proposed by

a way of explaining how the world works

The idea that Ongee ancestors make tidal waves and earthquakes would be understood by an interpretive anthropologist as

social evolutionism

The idea that cultures pass through stages from primitive to complex is known as ___________________.

post-structuralism

The idea that embraces dynamic cultural processes and the idea that the observer of cultural processes can never see culture completely objectively represents

through systematic connections of different parts

The main idea behind the holistic perspective is to study culture

tradition

The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as

human

The most successful life form on earth is thought by many to be __________

salvage paradigm

The paradigm that held that it was important to observe indigenous ways of life, interview elders, and assemble collections of objects made and used by indigenous peoples.

holistic perspective

The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in the entirety is called

enculturation

The process of learning culture from a very young age is called

evolution can only be measured or seen across generations within a population

The refinement of Darwin's theory has shown that

people make sense of their worlds through binary oppositions--> expressed in social institutions

The structuralist approach to culture theorizes what?

Archaeology

The study of past cultures, by excavating sites where people lived, worked, farmed, or conducted some other activity.

it demonstrates the oversimplification that comes from thinking humans are more highly evolved

The success of simple life forms such as bacteria challenges one of the early ideas about evolution because

Renato Rosaldo

The theorist most connected with post-structuralism is

functionalism

The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society is called

functionalism

The theory that posits that cultural practices and beliefs serve purposes for society is called __________________.

cultural appropriation

The unilateral decision of one social group to take control of the symbols, objects, and practices of other is called _________________.

A key concern in the 1850s that shaped the discipline of anthropology was the emergence of a new scientific theory called "evolution. T/F

True

Anthropologists like E.E. Evans-Pritchard and Renato Rosaldo do not see cultural anthropology as a science T/F

True

Qualitative methods often use the researchers themselves as the research instrument T/F

True

There is rarely any guessing involved in the development of theories because they are tested repeatedly. T/F

True

false

True or False: Activities that are biologically based, such as eating and sleeping, are universally the same for all humans.

false

True or False: All humans are born with some culture.

false

True or False: Cultural appropriation involves relationships of power.

false

True or False: Cultural relativism is important because it helps anthropologists understand and defined all the things that people in other cultures do.

true

True or False: Culture can be transmitted virtually through the Internet in addition to face-to-face interaction.

false

True or False: Culture is uniquely human.

true

True or False: Most anthropologists believe in a single unified theory of culture.

false

True or False: People rarely hold conflicting values.

false

Variation in genes acts as the sole source for biological change of traits in an organism.

responded by challenging the right of foreign anthropologists even to study Maya culture

When Kay Warren presented her anthropological research, a group of Maya intellectuals, activists, and political leaders

Bronislaw Malinowski

Who was responsible for the theory of functionalism?

E.B. Tylor

Who was responsible for the theory of social evolution?

led to the introduction of antibiotics

Why was the discovery of penicillin in 1928 useful in our understanding of evolution?

domestication

_____________ emerges when genetic variation within a group grows so large that its members begin exhibiting important genetic and physical differences.

theory

a collection of tested and repeatedly supported hypotheses

A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas

a goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience

quantitative methods

a methodology that classifies features of a phenomenon, counting or measuring them, and constructing mathematical and statistical models to explain what is observed

ethnographic method

a prolonged and intensive observation of and participation in the life of a community

comparative method

a research method that derives insights from careful comparisons of aspects of two or more cultures or societies

something that represents something else; the basis of human behavior; includes numbers and the alphabet

a symbol is

An ethical approach to anthropological research would emphasize

all of these (rejection of cladistine research, responsibilities towards the host, commitment to doing no harm

Applied Anthropology

anthropological research commissioned to serve an organization's needs

practicing anthropology

anthropological work involving research as well as involvement in the design, implementation, and management of some organization, process, or product

which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm

anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out

The practical use of anthropologic al knowledge to address real-world problems, sometimes called anthropology's "fifth field," is

applied anthropology

the subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures, often focusing on the rise of cities is called

archaeology

The Human Terrain System, a program of the US military in Iraq and Afghanistan, used anthropologists to ______________________________

better understand locals, (against the locals)

the subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition is called

biological anthropology

A quantitative approach to studying the archaeological past would be most interested

building and testing hypotheses by collecting, classifying, and measuring the remains of past cultures

the thinker who developed evolutionary theory in the nineteenth century was

charles darwin

The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones is called _____________________ and was a driving force in anthropology

colonialism

The comparative method is:

comparing 2 or more cultures

the subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practices is called

cultural anthropology

the moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgement about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is known as

cultural relativism

A key feature of the_____________concept is that it refers to the taken-for-granted notions, rules, moralities, and behaviors within a social group that feel natural.

culture

holism

efforts to synthesize distinct approaches and findings into a single comprehensive interpretation

Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is called

ethnocentrism

The method of data collection that involves prolonged and intensive observation of everyday life and is a hallmark of cultural anthropology

ethnographic method

__________________ refers to the adaptive changes that organisms make across generations

evolution

Research that involves interviews, observations, images, objects, and words is a _____ study

feildwork?

Linguistic anthropologists traditionally study

how our mouths form word, how our language evolve, how indigenous people classify their social worlds

What process involves shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory-based one?

industriallization

The practice of anthropologists explaining their research to participants and being clear about the risks involved is called

informed consent

During fieldwork, cultural anthropologist

interview people, live in the society

The application of the comparative method in his research in Papua New Guinea led coauthor Robert Welsch to focus on

interviews of village elders in different villages, published and unpublished accounts of mask collectors who visited different villages, and museum collections

the subfield of anthropology that studies language is called

linguistic anthropology

Ethics, which are_______________________________, are important to anthropologist

moral obligations

ethics

moral questions about right and wrong standards of appropriate behavior

The process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is

natural selection

Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized a

proof of their primitive nature

Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing

quantitative data

A relativistic perspective on the meanings of Coca-Cola in Tzotzil Maya communities in Chiapas, Mexico, would emphasize what

that those meanings are only sensible within a culturally specific set of ideas about religion and spirituality

evolution

the adaptive changes in populations of organisms across generations

Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as a science because

the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture

qualitative approach to studying social life in your university would emphasize what?

the construction of statistical models to explain activities in the community

Industrialization

the economic process of shifting from a agricultural economy to a factory-based one

What prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differences among people?

the industrial revolution

cultural relativism

the moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgement about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices

the primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to (who)

the people or species they study

diversity

the sheer variety of ways of being human around the world

scientific method

the standard methodology of science that begins from observable facts, generates hypotheses from these facts and then tests these hypotheses

Lingustic Anthropology

the study of how people communicate with one another through language and how language uses shapes group membership and indentity

anthropology

the study of human beings and their biology, prehistory and histories and their changing languages, cultures and social institutions

Biological Anthropology

the study of the biological aspects of the human species, past and present, along with those of our closest relatives, the nonhuman primates

cultural anthropology

the study of the social lives of living communities

evolutionary perspective would be most likely to explain colonialism a

the superior natural abilities of one group of people allowing them to control an inferior group of people

culture

the taken-for-granted notions, rules, moralities, and behaviors within a social group

A key element of the scientific method, which both explains things and guides research

theories

empirical

verifiable through observation rather than through logic or theory