Chapter 1 Biology

In which domain of life are humans classified?

eukarya

The presence of a membrane-enclosed nucleus is a characteristic of ________. a. prokaryotic cells b. eukaryotic cells c. living organisms d. bacteria

eukaryotic cells

life science

field of science, such as biology, that studies living things

A suggested and testable explanation for an event is called a ________. a. hypothesis b. variable c. theory d. control

hypothesis

science

knowledge that covers the truths or the operation of general law

Sensitivity or Response to Stimuli

plants can bend toward a source of light, climb on fences and walls, or respond to touch The leaves of this sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica) will instantly droop and fold when touched. After a few minutes, the plant returns to normal.

. A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area is called a(n) ________. a. family b. community c. population d. ecosystem

population

atom

smallest and most fundamental unit of matter. It consists of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. Atoms form molecules.

community

sum of populations inhibiting a specific area

cyanobacteria

takes co2 from the sun and builds up glucose and oxygen to form the atmosphere has chlorophyl to help in the process of photosynthesis.

applied science

technology," aims to use science to solve real-world problems, making it possible, for example, to improve a crop yield, find a cure for a particular disease, or save animals threatened by a natural disaster . In applied science, the problem is usually defined for the researcher.

thory

tested a lot tested and confirmed explanation for observations or phenomena

Basic science

"pure" science seeks to expand knowledge regardless of the short-term application of that knowledge. knowledge for knowledges sake

You go for a long walk on a hot day. Give an example of a way in which homeostasis keeps your body healthy.

During your walk, you may begin to perspire, which cools your body and helps your body to maintain a constant internal temperature. You might also become thirsty and pause long enough for a cool drink, which will help to restore the water lost during perspiration

tissues

In larger organisms, cells combine to make tissues, which are groups of similar cells carrying out similar or related functions

Organisms

are individual living entities. For example, each tree in a forest is an organism. Single-celled prokaryotes and single-celled eukaryotes are also considered organisms and are typically referred to as microorganisms.

Prokaryotes

are single-celled or colonial organisms that do not have membrane- bound nuclei

Where in a phylogenetic tree would you expect to find the organism that had evolved most recently? a. at the base b. within the branches c. at the nodes d. at the branch tips

at the branch tips

10. The smallest unit of biological structure that meets the functional requirements of "living" is the ________. a. organ b. organelle c. cell d. macromolecule

cell

deductive reasoning

from a general premise a prediction is made

The longest unit of life in the following hierarchy is the dna gastrointestinal track cell stomach

gastrointestinal track

biosphere

highest level of organization is the collection of all ecosystems, and it represents the zones of life on earth. It includes land, water, and even the atmosphere to a certain extent.

Consider the levels of organization of the biological world, and place each of these items in order from smallest level of organization to most encompassing: skin cell, elephant, water molecule, planet Earth, tropical rainforest, hydrogen atom, wolf pack, liver.

hydrogen atom, water molecule, skin cell, liver, elephant, wolf pack, tropical rainforest, planet Earth

All living organisms share several key characteristics or functions:

order, sensitivity or response to the environment, reproduction, adaptation, growth and development, regulation, homeostasis, energy processing, and evolution

Levels of Organization of Living Things

organelles cells tissues organs/organ systems organisms, populations, & communities ecosystem biosphere

natural science

related to the physical world, divided into life and physical sciences

A toad

represents a highly organized structure consisting of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.

The process of ________ helps to ensure that a scientist's research is original, significant, logical, and thorough. a. publication b. public speaking c. peer review d. the scientific method`

scientific method

evolution

the process of gradual change during which new species arise from older species.

biology

the study of living organisms and their interactions with one an other and their environments

Viruses are not considered living because they ________. a. are not made of cells b. lack cell nuclei c. do not contain DNA or RNA d. cannot reproduce

cannot reproduce

Which of the following sciences is not considered a natural science? a. biology b. astronomy c. physics d. computer science

computer science

ecosystem

consists of all the living things in a particular area together with the abiotic, non-living parts of that environment such as nitrogen in the soil or rain water

eukaryotes

do have membrane-bound organelles and a membrane-bound nucleus

cell

All living things are made of cells; the cell itself is the smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms. Cells are classified as prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

Energy Processing

All organisms use a source of energy for their metabolic activities. Some organisms capture energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy in food; others use chemical energy in molecules they take in as food The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) uses chemical energy derived from food to power flight

population

All the individuals of a species living within a specific area

scientific method

method of research with defined steps that include experiments and careful observations

Thinking about the topic of cancer, write a basic science question and an applied science question that a researcher interested in this topic might ask

Basic science: What evolutionary purpose might cancer serve? Applied science: What strategies might be found to prevent cancer from reproducing at the cellular level?

Select two items that biologists agree are necessary in order to consider an organism "alive." For each, give an example of a non-living object that otherwise fits the definition of "alive,"

Layers of sedimentary rock have order but are not alive. Technology is capable of regulation but is not, of itself, alive.

homeostasis

Organisms are able to maintain internal conditions within a narrow range almost constantly, despite environmental changes, through homeostasis (literally, "steady state")—the ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions. For example, an organism needs to regulate body temperature through a process known as thermoregulation. Organisms that live in cold climates, such as the polar bear , have body structures that help them withstand low temperatures and conserve body heat. Structures that aid in this type of insulation include fur, feathers, blubber, and fat. In hot climates, organisms have methods (such as perspiration in humans or panting in dogs) that help them to shed excess body heat.

Growth and Development

Organisms grow and develop following specific instructions coded for by their gene Although no two look alike, these kittens have inherited genes from both parents and share many of the same characteristics.

organs

Organs are collections of tissues grouped together performing a common function. Organs are present not only in animals but also in plants

You are a visitor to another planet. During your explorations, you come across an object you have never seen before. You are uncertain if the object is alive or not. Which method of experimentation would be best to show if a newly found object would be considered living (using Earth's standards)? a Poke the object with a stick to see if it exhibits any type of behavior. b Count the number of different pieces that comprise the object. c Place some food near the object to see if it gets eaten within a short period of time. d See if there are other samples of the object close by to determine how it reproduces.

Poke the object with a stick to see if it exhibits any type of behavior.

Using examples, explain how biology can be studied from a microscopic approach to a global approach.

Researchers can approach biology from the smallest to the largest, and everything in between. For instance, an ecologist may study a population of individuals, the population's community, the community's ecosystem, and the ecosystem's part in the biosphere. When studying an individual organism, a biologist could examine the cell and its organelles, the tissues that the cells make up, the organs and their respective organ systems, and the sum total - the organism itself.

Reproduction

Single-celled organisms reproduce by first duplicating their DNA, and then dividing it equally as the cell prepares to divide to form two new cells. Multicellular organisms often produce specialized reproductive germline cells that will form new individuals. When reproduction occurs, genes containing DNA are passed along to an organism's offspring. These genes ensure that the offspring will belong to the same species and will have similar characteristics, such as size and shape.

Name two topics that are likely to be studied by biologists, and two areas of scientific study that would fall outside the realm of biology.

Topics that fall inside the area of biological study include how diseases affect human bodies, how pollution impacts a species' habitat, and how plants respond to their environments. Topics that fall outside of biology (the "study of life") include how metamorphic rock is formed and how planetary orbits function.

Regulation

Two examples of internal functions regulated in an organism are nutrient transport and blood flow. Organs (groups of tissues working together) perform specific functions, such as carrying oxygen throughout the body, removing wastes, delivering nutrients to every cell, and cooling the body.

Give an example of how applied science has had a direct effect on your daily life.

Vaccines to prevent diseases such polio, measles, tetanus, and even the influenza affect daily life by contributing to individual and societal health.

The first forms of life on Earth were ________. a. plants b. microorganisms c. birds d. dinosaurs

microorganisms

molecule

a chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by one or more chemical bonds

phylogenetic tree

a diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among biological species based on similarities and differences in genetic or physical traits or both. A phylogenetic tree is composed of nodes and branches. The internal nodes represent ancestors and are points in evolution when, based on scientific evidence, an ancestor is thought to have diverged to form two new species. The length of each branch is proportional to the time elapsed since the split.

inductive reasoning

a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion # of observations made and a conclusion is drawn

organ system

a higher level of organization that consists of functionally related organs. Mammals have many organ systems. For instance, the circulatory system transports blood through the body and to and from the lungs; it includes organs such as the heart and blood vessels.

organelles

aggregates of macromolecules surrounded by membranes; Organelles are small structures that exist within cells. Examples of organelles include mitochondria and chloroplasts, which carry out indispensable functions: mitochondria produce energy to power the cell, while chloroplasts enable green plants to utilize the energy in sunlight to make sugars.

macromolecules

biologically important molecules, large molecules that are typically formed by polymerization (a polymer is a large molecule that is made by combining smaller units called monomers, which are simpler than macromolecules). An example of a macromolecule is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (Figure 1.15), which contains the instructions for the structure and functioning of all living organisms.

Which of the following sequences represents the hierarchy of biological organization from the most inclusive to the least complex level? a. organelle, tissue, biosphere, ecosystem, population b. organ, organism, tissue, organelle, molecule c. organism, community, biosphere, molecule, tissue, organ d. biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism

biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism

reasoning

inductive & deductive

A person notices that her houseplants that are regularly exposed to music seem to grow more quickly than those in rooms with no music. As a result, she determines that plants grow better when exposed to music. This example most closely resembles which type of reasoning? a. inductive reasoning b. deductive reasoning c. neither, because no hypothesis was made d. both inductive and deductive reasoning

inductive reasoning

The type of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion is called ________. a. deductive reasoning b. the scientific method c. hypothesis-based science d. inductive reasoning

inductive reasoning

scientific process

make an observation ask a question form a hypothesis that answers the question prediction based on hypothesis experiment to test analyze results hypothesis correct or incorrect if incorrect try again