Chapter 1: Humans and the Microbial World.

Disease can reemerge as a result of:

1. Parents refusal to vaccinate their children. 2. Pathogens becoming resistant to antimicrobial medications.

Decomposition of harmful pollutants by Microbes?

Bio degradation.

Bacteria produce ethanol, hydrogen gas, and certain oils, which all have the potential to be used as:

Bio fuels.

Which of the following diseases killed 1/3 of the population of Europe in the 14th Century?

Bubonic plague.

John Needham's experiment in the 1700's show that broths had been boiled and sealed with a cork:

Could still give rise to microorganisms.

Which diseases are due to organisms jumping from a natural animal host to using humans as a host?

Emerging.

John Tyndall's observation can be explained by the presence of a heat resistant form of bacteria called:

Endospore.

__________________ is a Microbial process used in the manufacture of yogurt and cheese.

Fermentation.

Which is a paralysis-inducing that has been nearly eliminated due to vaccination?

Polio.

Like plants, some microorganisms:

Produce oxygen and are photosynthetic.

Lazzaro Spallanzani's experiment in the 1700's showed that flasks of broths that has been boiled for long periods of time and sealed:

Remained sterile.

Without microorganisms, required substances like oxygen and organic nitrogen would __________.

Run out.

Biotechnology:

Use of microorganisms to solve practical problems.

Designing organisms that can provide human products through genetic engineering or clean up environmental waste through bio-remediation is a part of the broader field of:

Biotechnology.

Some scientists were skeptical of Pasteur's results because they:

Could not reproduce his cells.

Louis ____________ helped disprove spontaneous generation.

Pasteur.

A ____________ is the term used for any disease causing microorganism.

Pathogen.

Using microorganisms to degrade toxic chemical spills is an example of:

Bio-degradation.

A scientific experiment includes a component that rules out alternative explanations of the results by showing that the only feature that varied in the experiment was the characteristic being tested. The component that does this is a:

Control.

An infectious disease that has become more common in the last 35 years is referred to as _______________ infectious disease.

Emerging.

The principle that microorganisms cause certain diseases is called ______________ Theory of Disease.

Germ.

Which of the following diseases are newly emerged?

1. Ebola 2. HIV/AIDS 3. Hepatitis C

The scientific process involves a series of steps. Rank the first 4 steps in order:

1. Make an observation about something and ask a question about the situation. 2. Develop an explanation and then devise an experiment to test this explanation. 3. Collect data from this experiment. 4. Draw a conclusion.

Microbes are useful in the study of higher life forms for which of the following reasons?

1. Microbes multiply quickly. 2. They have the basic same metabolic mechanisms. 3. It's cheaper to study Microbial life forms.

_____________ is the infectious disease of the early 1900's that killed more individuals than were killed in WW 1&2, the Korean, Vietnam, and Iraq wars combined.

Influenza.

Unlike newspaper or blog articles, communications about scientific discoveries in respected scientific journals include:

Info. about methods used in the experiment, and a pre-publication review process.

Spontaneous generation:

Life arose from non living matter.

Which of the following are long established microbial diseases?

Malaria and Tuberculosis.

Microbes serve as important models for study of higher organisms for which of the following reasons?

Microbes have the same fundamental and genetic properties as other organisms.

In the 1700's, Lazzaro Spallanzani boiled and sealed flasks of broth and then looked for growth. Based on the results of his experiments, he concluded that:

Microorganisms in air could enter open flasks.

In general, disease causing organisms are referred to as which of the following:

Microorganisms.

Organisms that populate the human body and which protect it from disease are __________ ___________.

Normal Flora.

All of the following are factors that account for the emergence of new diseases in developed countries except:

Parents don't have their children vaccinated.

The Golden Age of Microbiology occurred soon after:

Spontaneous generation was disproved, and led to a time when the field of Microbiology blossomed.

Concept of living things arising from vital forces in non living or decomposing materials is known as:

Spontaneous generation.

If cattle, sheep, and deer had a microbe free digestive tract, they would:

Starve.

All of these products are produced through the metabolism of bacteria Except for:

Synthetic wood.

The principle that microorganisms cause certain disease is now called:

The Germ Theory of Disease.

Some scientists could not reproduce the results of Pasteur's swan necked flask experiment.

True.

Travelers and immigrants can contribute to disease emergence.

True.

When extensive amounts of experimental evidence supports a hypothesis, the explanation may become a scientific:

Theory

Solid, repeatable, extensive amounts of scientific evidence can lead to which of the following?

Theory.

Benefits of Normal Microbiota include all EXCEPT which of the following:

They damage host tissue, allowing our immune system to rid the body of all Microbes.

Benefits of a normal Microbiota include all EXCEPT which of the following:

They damage host tissue, allowing our immune system to rid the body of all microbes.

Early exposure to certain common microorganisms can actually protect humans from asthma and various allergies.

True.

Normal Microbiota of the body can affect brain chemistry.

True.

In research, model should:

function in manner similar to other cells.

We could not survive without microorganisms, but they can also be harmful.

True.

Without Microorganisms we would run out of certain nutrients.

True.

Some scientists could not reproduce the results of Pasteur's swan-necked flask experiment.

True: some scientists used hay instead of sugar or yeast to make the broth, growth occurred even after boiling.

Without Microorganisms cattle, sheep, and deer would not be able to digest which component of plant material?

Cellulose.

Which of the following are manufactured by Microbial Fermentation?

Cheese, yogurt, and beer.

Pasteur tipped the flask so that bacteria could enter the fluid. He demonstrated that nothing in his original set up prevented bacteria from growing in the flask. What part of scientific method does this represent?

Control.

Term used to describe infectious diseases that are newly identified or becoming more common:

Emerging

John Tyndall's experiment in the 1800's showed that microorganisms remained in some broths even after boiling for 5 hours. He later realized that the results of his experiments were due to the presence of endospores. Pasteur might have had similar results to Tyndall's if he has used which material to make his broths?

Hay and Soil.