Chapter 1: Introduction/ directional terms
Transverse Plane
A plane that passes horizontally through the body and divides the body into superior and inferior sections.
Oblique planes
A plane that passes through the body at an angle forming oblique sections.
Parasagittal Plane
A plane that passes vertically through the body dividing it into unequal right and left sections.
Frontal or Coronal Plane
A plane that passes vertically through the body or organs and divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.
Midsagittal Plane
A plane that passes vertically through the midline and divides the body into equal right and left halves.
Posterior
AKA Dorsal or toward the back
Anterior
AKA ventral or toward the front
Superior
Above
Deep
Away from the body's surface
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
Inferior
Below
serous cavity
Between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous membrane is a thin cavity, containing a lubricating film of serous fluid.
Open Kinetic Chain
Body part farthest away from trunk is free during movement
Closed Kinetic Chain
Body part farthest from trunk is fixed during movement. Involves more muscles and joints that lead to better coordination around each structure
Skeletal system
Bones, cartilages, tendons, ligaments and joints. Functions as body support and protection of internal organs. Provides levers for muscular action.
serous membranes
Both the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are lined with thin
Nervous system
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors. Functions to allow the body to detect changes in its internal and external environment and to respond by activating appropriate muscles or glands. Helps maintain homeostasis of the body via rapid transmission of electrical signals.
Digestive
Breaks foods down into molecules that can enter and be transmitted through the blood for delivery to body cells.
The heart, blood vessels and blood
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic or immunity
Cleans and returns leaked fluid from blood vessels. Cleans blood of debris and pathogens; houses lymphocytes for immune response.
Superficial
Closer to the body's surface
Muscular
Contractions allow movements and heat generation.
Cavity of the brian
Cranial cavity
Posterior aspect includes
Cranial cavity and vertebral canal
Nervous
Detect and respond to the environment to maintain homeostatic condition through an electrical transport system.
The oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestines and accessory structures such as teeth, salivary glands, liver and pancreas
Digestive system
The pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands; ovaries, testes and pancreas
Endocrine system
Integumentary
Epidermal and dermal regions; sense organs and glands. Functions to protect deeper organs from various injury. Excretes salts and urea. Aids in regulation of body temperature. Produces vitamin D.
Distal
Farthest away from a reference point
The ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, mammary glands and vagina
Female reproductive system.
Cardiovascular system
Heart, blood vessels and blood. Primarily a transport system that carries blood containing oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, ions, hormones, and other substances to and from the tissue cells where exchanges are made; blood is propelled through the blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart. Antibodies and other protein molecules in the blood act to protect the body.
Organs in Mediastinum
Heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and vessels
Endocrine
Homeostasis, promote growth and development, hormones which effect target sensors.
Transverse Plane
Horizontal flat surface dividing the body at the umbilicus. Divides body into superior and inferior halves
Reproductive system
In males the testes, the prostate gland, the scrotum, the penis, and the duct system which carries sperm. In females the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, mammary glands and vagina. Provides germ cells or eggs; the female uterus houses the developing fetus until birth; mammary glands provide nutrition for the infant.
Muscular system
Individual muscles are the organs of this system. Muscles move and strengthen joints, generate heat, and serve other functions, such as abdominal compression
Epidermal and dermal regions
Integumentary system.
Urinary
Keeps water balances and removal of nitrogen containing wastes that come from the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acid in body cells.
region 3
Left hypochondriac
Lymphatic/Immune system
Lymphatic cessels, lymph nodes, speen, thymus, tonsils, and scattered collections of lymphoid tissue. Cleanses blood of pathogens and other debris. Houses lymphocytes that act via the immune response to protect the body from foreign substances.
The lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils and scattered lymphoid tissue
Lymphatic or immunity system
The testes, prostate gland, scrotum, penis and duct system
Male reproductive system.
Thoracic cavity
Mediastinum, pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, diaphragm
Muscles attached to the skeleton
Muscular system
Respiratory system
Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. Keeps the blood continuously supplied with oxygen while removing carbon dioxide.
Proximal
Nearest to a reference point
The brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors
Nervous system
Digestive system
Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines and accessory structures such as the teeth, the salivary glands, the liver and the pancreas. Breaks down ingested foods to minute particles, which can be absorbed into the blood for delivery to the body cells. Undigested residue removed from the body as feces..
Sagittal Planes
Pass vertically through the body or organs and divide them into right and left sections.
mammary
Pertaining to the breast
nasal
Pertaining to the nose
Endocrine system
Pituitary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands; ovaries, testes, and pancreas. Functions to maintain body homeostasis, promote growth and development and produce chemical "messengers" (hormones) that travel in the blood to exert their effects on various target organs of the body.
Skin
Protection, excretion, regulation and production of vitamin D.
The nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs
Respiratory system
region 1
Right hypochondriac
Cross-Sections
Sections that are produced by a plane running 'perpendicular' to the long axis.
Longitudinal Sections
Sections that are produced by a plane running along the long axis of a long narrow structure. ex: blood vessels, intestines, or long bones.
Bones, cartilages, tendons, ligaments and joints
Skeletal system
Respiratory
Supplies oxygen to blood and contributes to acid and base pH balance with buffer system.
Skeletal
Support and protection of internal organs, movement and site for blood cell formation.
Frontal Sections
The anterior and posterior sections produced by a frontal or coronal plane passing vertically through the body or organs.
visceral pleura
The inner layer is the covers the external surface of the lung
Urinary system
The kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Rids the body of nitrogen containing wastes such as urea, uric acid and ammonia which result from the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids by body cells. Maintains water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of blood.
mediastinum
The median space in the thoracic cavity is called the
pleural cavity
The narrow, moist, potential space between them is called the
parietal pleura
The outer layer is the lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall
Transverse sections or Cross-sections
The superior and inferior sections produced by a Transverse plane passing horizontally through a body or organ.
posterior
Toward the back
Medial
Toward the midline
Cardiovascular
Transport system for blood with oxygen and hormones, wastes, nutrients or ions.
Axial Sections
Transverse sections observed with computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
The kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra
Urinary system
Sagittal Plane
Vertical flat surface running from front to back of the body. Divides body into right and left halves. Midsagittaal if evenly divided. Parasagittal if unequally divided
Frontal Plane (coronal)
Vertical flat surface running from side to side of the body. Divides body into anterior and posterior halves
pericardium
Within the mediastinum, the heart is enclosed by a two-layered serous membrane called the.
abdominal
abdomen above umbilical
Abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal cavity, Pelvic cavity
supra-
above
midsagittal (median) plane
an imaginary line drawn down the midline of the body to divide the body into a right and left side
midline
an imaginary line that divides the body in to equal right and left sides.
palmar
anatomical term dealing with the anterior side of the hand
patellar
anatomical term for the anterior knee
occipital
anatomical term for the back of the head
sural
anatomical term for the calf (posterior lower leg)
phlanges
anatomical term for the fingers and toes. also digits is used.
inguinal
anatomical term for the groin or pelvic area
coxal
anatomical term for the hip
lumbar
anatomical term for the loin or lower back
popliteal
anatomical term for the posterior knee
temporal
anatomical term for the side of the head.
axillary
anatomical term meaning armpit.
tarsal
anatomical term pertaining to the ankle.
brachial
anatomical term pertaining to the arm
sternal
anatomical term pertaining to the breastbone or sternum
bucchal
anatomical term pertaining to the cheek.
pectoral
anatomical term pertaining to the chest
mental
anatomical term pertaining to the chin
clavicular
anatomical term pertaining to the collar bone
olecranal
anatomical term pertaining to the elbow.
orbital
anatomical term pertaining to the eye or eye socket
frontal
anatomical term pertaining to the forehead
antebrachial
anatomical term pertaining to the front of the arm.
antecubital
anatomical term pertaining to the front of the lower arm (in front of the elbow)
calcaneal
anatomical term pertaining to the heel
cervical
anatomical term pertaining to the neck
nasal
anatomical term pertaining to the nose
scapular
anatomical term pertaining to the shoulder blade
plantar
anatomical term pertaining to the sole of the foot
femoral
anatomical term pertaining to the thigh
carpal
anatomical term pertaining to the wrist
lingual
anatomical term that means pertaining to the tongue
tarsal
ankle region
antecubital
anterior surface of elbow
Mediastinum
area located between lungs
extremities
arms or legs
deep
away from the body surface; more internal
inferior
away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
lateral
away from the midline
dorsum
back of hand
retro-
backward, behind
dorsal
being or located near, on, or toward the back or posterior part of the human body
ventral
being or located near, on, or toward the front or anterior part of the human body
infra-
below
sub-
below, under
para-
beside, near
inter-
between
intermediate
between a more medial and a more lateral structure
thoracic
body cavity containing esophagus, heart, lungs, great vessels, bronchi, and trachea. Protected by ribs, vertebra, the sternum. Inferior boundary is the diaphragm
abdominopelvic
body cavity that contains abdominal organs -- stomach, liver, gall bladder, spleen, small intestine, large intestine. Pelvic portion contains the terminal part of the large intestine, the rectum, urinary bladder and internal female reproductive organs, ovaries, uterus, oviducts.
anatomical position
body is standing erect, face forward,feet together and arms hanging to the sides with palms forward.
catabolism
breaking down large molecules or macromolecules into smaller ones. The breaking of bonds in the large molecules, liberates energy to fuel anabolic reactions
sternal
breastbone area
buccal
cheek area
mental
chin
proximal
closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
mediastinum
contains major blood vessels that connect to the heart.
Pericardial Cavity
contians serous fluid
visceral layer
covers the external surface of organs (viscera) within the cavity
Dorsal body cavity
cranial cavity, vertebral cavity
parietal
crown of head
deltoid
curve of shoulder
inferior
directional term for below. (i.e.) The mouth is inferior to the nose.
caudal
directional term meaning away from the head. Usually used in four-legged animals.
lateral
directional term meaning away from the middle or midline. The ears are lateral to the nose.
ipsilateral
directional term meaning on the same side of the midline. The right wrist and right knee are ipsilateral.
bilateral
directional term meaning structures on both sides of the midline. The hands are bilateral.
ventral
directional term meaning towards the front, but usually used in quadripeds (four-legged animals) Same as anterior.
cranial
directional term meaning towards the head. Usually used in four legged animals.
cephalad
directional term meaning towards the head. Usually used in four-legged animals.
deep
directional term that means away from the surface. She has a deep cut on her hand.
proximal
directional term that means closer to. This is used in relationship to arms and legs and their attachment site to the body. For example. In reference to the shoulder, the elbow is proximal, the wrist is distal.
distal
directional term that means farther away from. It is used in relation to the limbs and their attachment site to the body. In reference to the hips, the knee is proximal, the ankle is distal.
contralateral
directional term that means on different sides of the midline. The right shoulder and left hip are contralateral to each other.
posterior
directional term that means towards the back. (i.e.) The spinal cord is posterior to the heart. i.e. dorsal
dorsal
directional term that means towards the back. usually used in quadripeds (four-legged animals) i.e. posterior
anterior
directional term that means towards the front. (i.e.) The heart is anterior to the spinal cord. i.e. ventral
medial
directional term that means towards the middle or towards the midline. The nose is medial to the ears.
superficial
directional term that means towards the surface. He has a superficial cut. (like a paper cut)
cubital
elbow
region 2
epigastric
orbital
eye socket
distal
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
digital
finger or toe
digital
finger/toe
crural
front of the lower leg
anterior
front, toward the front
manual
hand
calcaneal
heel
transverse plane
horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions
region 8
hypogastric
unilateral
involving only one part or side
peritoneum
is a moist, two-layered serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity.
cranial cavity
is formed by the cranium and houses the brain.
vertebral canal
is formed by the individual bones of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord.
abdominopelvic cavity
is partitioned into 9 smaller, imaginary compartments.
superior
is the directional term for above.
homeostasis
keeping the body within certain boundaries or physiological limits. (i.e. temperature, pH, blood pressure)
patellar
kneecap
region 9
left iliac
region 6
left lumbar
crural
leg below the knee
Parietal layer
lines body wall
parietal layer
lines the internal surface of the body wall.
anabolism
linking together small molecules to make larger ones. This requires the input of energy, that is utilized from catabolic reactions.
esophagus
located in the mediastinum
trachea
located in the mediastinum
lumbar
lower back
The right and left sides of the thoracic cavity contain
lungs
prone
lying face downward
supine
lying face upward
juxta-
near, beside
cranial
of or relating to the cranium which encloses the brain
inguinal
outer shaded region
extra-
outside
epi-
over, upon
heart is in what cavity
pericardial cavity
axillary
pertaining to the armpit
popliteal
pertaining to the back of the knee
nuchal
pertaining to the back of the neck
digital (phalangeal)
pertaining to the bones of the fingers and the toes
phalangeal
pertaining to the bones of the fingers and the toes
pectoral
pertaining to the chest
thoracic
pertaining to the chest
ocular
pertaining to the eye
facial
pertaining to the face
pedal
pertaining to the foot
antebrachial
pertaining to the forearm
frontal
pertaining to the forehead
pubic
pertaining to the genital region
inguinal
pertaining to the groin
cephalic
pertaining to the head
oral
pertaining to the mouth
umbilical
pertaining to the navel
cervical
pertaining to the neck
palmar
pertaining to the palm of the hand
thoracic
pertaining to the region above the abdomen
scapular
pertaining to the scapula or shoulder blade area
femoral
pertaining to the thigh
carpal
pertaining to the wrist
lungs are in what cavity
pleural cavity
Thoracic cavity
pleural cavity, mediastinum, pericardial cavity
abdomen
portion of the body between the thorax and the pelvis
Pericardial cavity
potential space between parietal and viceral pericardia contains serous fluid
Pericardial Cavity
potential space betwen paretal and viceral pericardia
serous fluid
reduces friction and helps the organs move smoothly against both one another and the body wall.
deltoid
referring to the top or curve of the shoulder
gluteal
region of the buttocks
coxal
region of the hip bones
region 7
right iliac
region 4
right lumbar
plantar
sole of the foot
Sections
the exposed surfaces produced by planes.
occipital
the lower posterior region of the head
acromial
the point of the shoulder
sacral
the posterior region between the hipbones
sural
the posterior surface of lower leg; the calf
bilateral
the property of being symmetrical about a vertical plane
Sagittal Sections
the right and left sections produced by Sagittal Planes.
vertabral
the spinal column
physiology
the study of function
anatomy
the study of structure
metabolism
the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body.
Mediastinum is in the
thoracic cavity
Ventral body cavity
thoracic cavity, diaphragm, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity
superficial
toward or at the body surface
superior
toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
medial
toward the midline of the body
caudal
toward the tail or inferior end
region 5
umbilical
brachial
upper arm
vertebral
vertebrae
frontal (coronal) plane
vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions
intra-
within, inside
