Chapter 1- KHS 320

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Phytochemicals

Substances found in plants that are not classified as "nutrients" but may be beneficial to human health.

Energy Density

The energy value of food in relation to its weight

What happens when a missing nutrient is added to a diet?

The signs and symptoms of deficiency is corrected

malnutrition

The state of health that occurs when the body is improperly nourished.

Psychological dose

a nutrient amount that is within the range of safe intake and enables the body to function optimally

Lifestyle

a person's usual way of living, influences risk of chronic disease.

The Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA)

allows manufacturers to classify nutrient supplements and certain herbal products as foods (not drugs).

Megadose

amount of a vitamin or mineral that is at least 10 times the recommended amount of the nutrient

examples of macronutrients

carbs, lipids (fats), proteins

Food insecurity

describes individuals concerned about running out of food or not having enough money to buy more food.

Sustainable Agriculture

includes farming methods that meet the demand for more food without depleting natural resources or harming the environment

Nutrients

life-sustaining substances in food

chronic malnutrition

long-term energy and nutrient intakes are insufficient

essential nutrients

nutrient that must be supplied by food

Moderation

obtaining enough nutrients from food to meet needs, while avoiding excessive amounts and balancing calorie intake with calorie expenditure.

Overnutrition

often characterized by obesity.

Nutrition

scientific study of nutrients and how the body uses them

Cell

smallest living functional unit in an organism

deficiency disease

state of health that occurs when a nutrient is missing from the diet

Chemistry

study of the composition and characteristics of matter and changes that can occur to it

kilocalorie (kcal)

the heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000 g (1 liter) of water 1 degree Celsius.

Biotechnology

the use of living things-- plants, animals, microbes--to manufacture new products.

Metabolism

total of all chemical processes that occur in living cells

Diet

usual pattern of food choices

examples of micronutrients

vitamins and minerals

Poor eating habits contribute to several leading causes of death:

•Heart disease •Some types of cancer •Stroke •Type 2 diabetes

how many calories is a kilocalorie?

1,000 calories

Six classes of nutrients

1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids (including fats) 3. Proteins 4. Vitamins 5. Minerals 6. Water

What influences your eating habits?

1. Family's ethnic and cultural background 2. Friends and food advertising.

Kcal and nutrients

Carbohydrates- 4 kcal per gram Protein- 4 kcal per gram Alcohol- 7 kcal per gram Fat- 9 kcal per gram

What's a calorie?

Energy content of food

empty calories

Food in which a large portion of energy is from unhealthy solid fat, added sugar, and/or alcohol

Nutrient Dense

Food that contains more vitamins and minerals in relation to unhealthy fat, added sugar, and/or alcohol content

Eating habits- 2010 vs 1970

In 2010, Americans ate more added fats, added sugars, and total calories than in 1970.

Metrics of nutrition

Length measured in meter Weight measured in gram Volume measured in liter

Macronutrients

Macronutrients are needed in relatively large amounts and provide energy for the body.

Micronutrients

Micronutrients are needed in relatively small amounts but do NOT supply energy for the body.

Risk factors for chronic disease

Poor practices No physical activity Drug use, particularly tobacco and alcohol use Genetics Age Envrionmental conditions

What can prevent the chances of developing chronic diseases?

Regular exercise


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