Chapter 1- KHS 320
Phytochemicals
Substances found in plants that are not classified as "nutrients" but may be beneficial to human health.
Energy Density
The energy value of food in relation to its weight
What happens when a missing nutrient is added to a diet?
The signs and symptoms of deficiency is corrected
malnutrition
The state of health that occurs when the body is improperly nourished.
Psychological dose
a nutrient amount that is within the range of safe intake and enables the body to function optimally
Lifestyle
a person's usual way of living, influences risk of chronic disease.
The Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA)
allows manufacturers to classify nutrient supplements and certain herbal products as foods (not drugs).
Megadose
amount of a vitamin or mineral that is at least 10 times the recommended amount of the nutrient
examples of macronutrients
carbs, lipids (fats), proteins
Food insecurity
describes individuals concerned about running out of food or not having enough money to buy more food.
Sustainable Agriculture
includes farming methods that meet the demand for more food without depleting natural resources or harming the environment
Nutrients
life-sustaining substances in food
chronic malnutrition
long-term energy and nutrient intakes are insufficient
essential nutrients
nutrient that must be supplied by food
Moderation
obtaining enough nutrients from food to meet needs, while avoiding excessive amounts and balancing calorie intake with calorie expenditure.
Overnutrition
often characterized by obesity.
Nutrition
scientific study of nutrients and how the body uses them
Cell
smallest living functional unit in an organism
deficiency disease
state of health that occurs when a nutrient is missing from the diet
Chemistry
study of the composition and characteristics of matter and changes that can occur to it
kilocalorie (kcal)
the heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000 g (1 liter) of water 1 degree Celsius.
Biotechnology
the use of living things-- plants, animals, microbes--to manufacture new products.
Metabolism
total of all chemical processes that occur in living cells
Diet
usual pattern of food choices
examples of micronutrients
vitamins and minerals
Poor eating habits contribute to several leading causes of death:
•Heart disease •Some types of cancer •Stroke •Type 2 diabetes
how many calories is a kilocalorie?
1,000 calories
Six classes of nutrients
1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids (including fats) 3. Proteins 4. Vitamins 5. Minerals 6. Water
What influences your eating habits?
1. Family's ethnic and cultural background 2. Friends and food advertising.
Kcal and nutrients
Carbohydrates- 4 kcal per gram Protein- 4 kcal per gram Alcohol- 7 kcal per gram Fat- 9 kcal per gram
What's a calorie?
Energy content of food
empty calories
Food in which a large portion of energy is from unhealthy solid fat, added sugar, and/or alcohol
Nutrient Dense
Food that contains more vitamins and minerals in relation to unhealthy fat, added sugar, and/or alcohol content
Eating habits- 2010 vs 1970
In 2010, Americans ate more added fats, added sugars, and total calories than in 1970.
Metrics of nutrition
Length measured in meter Weight measured in gram Volume measured in liter
Macronutrients
Macronutrients are needed in relatively large amounts and provide energy for the body.
Micronutrients
Micronutrients are needed in relatively small amounts but do NOT supply energy for the body.
Risk factors for chronic disease
Poor practices No physical activity Drug use, particularly tobacco and alcohol use Genetics Age Envrionmental conditions
What can prevent the chances of developing chronic diseases?
Regular exercise