Chapter 1 physio

Explain emergent properties and give examples.

"The whole is greater than the sum of its parts." cell->tissue-> organ->organ system->organism

List the three components of all homeostatic control mechanisms and describe their interaction

- A receptor -> monitors the environment and responds to changes (stimuli) - control center -> determines the set point at which the variable is maintained -effector-> provides teh means to respond to stimuli.

know the set point of pH and temperature

37 celcius / 98 degrees pH 7.35

Explain homeostatic imbalance in terms of aging.

Aged cells have accumulated damage over time and no longer respond as quickly as they should, which makes it harder for the body to restore homeostasis.

Know the major functions and components of the 11 organ system or given a major organ, identify the system to which it belongs.

All organ systems work together (integration)

Define the terms anatomy and physiology

Anatomy - is the study of the form and structure of an animal body and its parts (healthy). Through anatomy, we can describe where things are located in or on the animal body and what they look like. Physiology - is the study of the functions of the animal body and its parts. Through physiology, we can describe how parts of the body work and what their functions are.

Explain how structure and function are closely related and give examples.

Because of all the specific functions are preformed by specific structures ex: Bones of the skull provide protection for the brain. Thin air sacs of the lungs permit movement of oxygen.

State two kinds of physiological responses to cooling and two responses to heating of a human body.

Blood vessels dilate when it's hot Sweating increases Vessels constrict when its cold sweating decreases

explain the importance of homeostasis in any living organism

Conditions in the body must be constantly controlled because cells depend on the body's environment to live and function.

Define Dynamic constancy

Fluctuations above and below a set point value this steady state that occurs is not equilibrium

Name the two kinds of feedback, describe the characteristics of each, and explain why most homeostatic systems use negative feedback

Positive feedback - end product enhances or facilitates the stimulus Negative feedback - end product negates or opposes the stimulus In negative feedback systems the response of the effector negates or opposes the stimulus ( shuts off the original stimulus.)

Understand and explain the meaning of the phrase "All physiological functions are performed by specific anatomical structures" and give examples

Principle of complementarity says that structure and function are complementary. Function always reflects structure. What a structure can do depends on its specific form.

Explain set point and range in relationship to homeostasis

Set point - tells what a particular value should be ( normal temperature or blood pressure.)

List by most simple to most complex and vice versa the levels of an organisms organization adn given any level, identify the preceding and what follows.

atoms->molecules->cells->tissues->organs->organsystems->organism->population of one species->ecosystem of different species->biosphere 1. Chemical level (atoms=carbon combine to form molecules=glucose) 2. Cellular level (smallest living units in orgnisms. Cells contain organelles each with a function) 3. Tissue level - different groups of cells that perform a function. 4. Organ level - Different types of tissues that perform a common function 5. Organ system - consists of different organs that work closely together 6. Organism level - Organism is made up of many organ systems.

explain and give examples on how the different organ systems are integrated

cardiovascular, urinary, and lymphatic systems all help the body control water balance.The cardiovascular and lymphatic systems transport fluids throughout the body and help sense both solute and water levels and regulate pressure.

Define pathology and pathophysiology

the science of the causes and effects of diseases Pathophysiology is the study of the changes of normal mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions, either caused by a disease or resulting from an abnormal syndrome. (study of failure to compensate)