Chapter 1 Quiz

An approach to psychology that relied heavily on dream interpretation, symbolism, unconscious motives, and the suppression of sexual and aggressive urges was developed by ________. a. Sigmund Freud b. Jean Piaget c. Rene Descartes d. William James

a. Sigmund Freud

Which type of psychologist is most likely to work with patients who serious mental disorders such as major depression? a. clinical psychologist b. counseling psychologist c. developmental psychologist d. forensic psycholgist

a. clinical psychologist

A friend says he will not have his new baby inoculated against any childhood disease because he is afraid the shots will cause autism. You point out that there is no scientific evidence to support that idea. He says he knows that, but he just feels that is true. What logical fallacy is at work? a. emotional reasoning fallacy b. argument from adverse consequences fallacy c. bandwagon fallacy d. appeal to authority fallacy

a. emotional reasoning fallacy

Ways of thinking that appear to make intuitive sense but are actually traps that lead to mistaken conclusions are called __________. a. logical fallacies b. confirmation biases c. ad hoc immunizing hypotheses d. patternicity

a. logical fallacies

The outgoing behavior of other people can make an extraverted person act even more extraverted. Bandura called this mutual influence on one another's behavior _________________. a. reciprocal determinism b. reflexivity c. operant conditioning d. reactivity

a. reciprocal determinism

Because religious concepts cannot be tested scientifically, we should consider that ______________. a. science and religion are non-overlapping realms of understanding the world b. religion is pseudoscience c. moral values are unimportant because there is no data about them d. science is an inadequate to explain the physical world

a. science and religion are non-overlapping realms of understanding the world

Psychics who perform poorly in laboratory tests and then blame their poor performance on "bad vibes" from skeptical researchers are displaying which sign of pseudoscience? a. insisting on evidence rather than proof b. ad hoc immunizing hypotheses c. lack of self-correction when contrary evidence is presented d. overreliance on anecdotes

b. ad hoc immunizing hypotheses

The idea of placing a third brake light at the base of a car's back windshield and changing the color of the fire engines from red to yellow are examples of ________. a. psychoanalysis b. applied psychological research c. basic psychological research d. critical multiplism

b. applied psychological research

Research has shown that people are especially prone to find patterns of meaning in meaningless sitmuli when they ____________. a. are under 18 b. do not feel a sense of control c. have a lot of life experience d. are psychic

b. do not feel a sense of control

Twin and adoption studies addressing the nature-nurture debate are typically conducted by ___________. a. forensic psychologists b. developmental psychologists c. behavior geneticists d. cognitive behaviorists

c. behavior geneticists

The phrase "don't confuse me with the facts" would best describe which self-deception trap? a. confirmation bias b. naive realism c. belief perseverance d. individualism

c. belief perseverance

In the 1950s and 1960s, many psychologists were disillusioned with behaviorism's neglect of the mental processes involved in different aspects of thinking. Arguing that thinking has a powerful effect on behavior, psychologists such as Jean Piaget began to develop the field of ____________. a. functionalism b. psychotherapy c. cognitivism d. structuralism

c. cognitivism

One of the great debates that has shaped the field of psychology is the question of whether people choose their behaviors or are obliged to act in certain ways by factors beyond their control. This is known as the ___________ debate. a. good vs. evil b. evolutionary psychology c. free will-determinism d. nature-nurture

c. free will-determinism

The theoretical framework of psychology known as structuralism had two major problems. One was that highly trained introspectionists often disagreed on subjective reports. The other was the discovery of __________. a. natural selection b. systematic observation c. imageless thought d. psychoanalysis

c. imageless thought

Wilhelm Wundt developed the first full-fledged psychological laboratory in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany. He pioneered the technique of ___________, in which trained observers reflected on and reported on their own mental experiences. a. heuristics b. insight analysis c. introspection d. behaviorism

c. introspection

According to philospher of science Sir Karl Popper, ford a scientific claim to be meaningful, it must be falsifiable, which means __________. a. it has been proven false b. it is inconsistent with any conceivable body of evidence c. it can be tested to determine if it is false d. it predicts every possible outcome

c. it can be tested to determine if it is false

British philosopher John Locke stood on the nurture side of nature-nurture debate, comparing the mind of a newborn to a sheet of paper that had yet to be written on. Others later used which term to describe the same idea? a. free will b. determinism c. tabula rasa d. genetic inheritance

c. tabula rasa

Your friend is an emergency room nurse. He tells you the ER is always busier when there is a full moon; he claims it is because unstable people are more affected by the moon's gravitational pull. The evaluate his claim, you should understand that __________

correlation is not causation

Of the 3,500 or so self-help books published every year, what percentage are scientifically tested? a. 25% b. 40% c. up to 95% d. about 5%

d. about 5%

According to astronomer Carl Sagan, scientific skepticism includes (1) a willingness to keep an open mind to all claims, and (2) a willingness to _________. a. believe in the possibility of life existing throughout the universe b. read and learn more about scientific subjects c. change our minds when we encounter persuasive people d. accept claims only after researchers have subjected them to careful scientific tests

d. accept claims only after researchers have subjected them to careful scientific tests

Georgio does not want to take the SAT or ACT exams because he thinks they will not accurately reflect his ability to succeed in college and are no more useful than flipping a coin. His guidance counselor explains that psychologists have determined that although not perfect, these tests are significantly better than chance at predicting college success. These psychologists are sharing some _________ with Georgio. a. hasty generalizations b. clinical psychology c. fallacies d. applied research

d. applied research

One reason that intuition and common sense are not a good basis for scientific psychology is that we often do not notice ______________. a. when we are in a dangerous situation b. universal traits across individuals c. empirical findings in non-standard forms d. contradictions between our views

d. contradictions between our views

According to David Hume, an eighteenth-century Scottish philosopher, the more a claim contradicts what we already know, the more ____________ must be the evidence for the claim. a. unusual b. recent c. interesting d. persuasive

d. persuasive

In thinking of the multiple levels of analysis in psychology, the neurochemical level is considered to be _______________ because this level is more closely tied to biological influences. a. near the top of the ladder b. at the top of the ladder c. on the same run of the ladder as personal relationships d. toward the lower end of the ladder

d. toward the lower end of the ladder

Science begins with the premise that knowledge should be first acquired through observation. This premise is called __________

empiricism