Chapter 1 : Radiation Basics and Dental Image Characteristics
What do cathode rays look like?
streams of colored light
What are cathode rays?
streams of electrons or the discharges emitted from the negative electrode of the tube traveled in straight lines, produced heat, and resulted in a greenish fluorescence
What are the intraoral techniques used in dentistry?
the bisecting technique, the paralleling technique, and the bitewing technique
What do cathode rays do?
they cause fluorescent screens to glow
What happened to many of the pioneers in early dental radiography?
they died from overexposure to radiation
Prior to the discovery of the x-rays, what did the European scientists do?
they experimented with fluorescence in sealed glass tubes
Did the pronunciations used to be "Roentgen rays" , "Roentgenology" , "Roentgenographs"?
yes but now it changed to x-rays, radiology, and radiographs
List some importances of dental images.
1.) Comprehensive patient care 2.) Enables the dental professional to identify many conditions that could go undetected and to see conditions that cannot be identified clinically 3.) An oral exam without x-rays limits the practitioner from viewing further than what is seen clinically 4.) Offers more information about the teeth and supporting bone 5.) Detection (many diseases don't produce symptoms)
What is a list of specialty programs in dentistry?
1.) Oral and Maxillofacial surgery 2.) orthodontics 3.) endodontics 4.) pediatric dentistry 5.) periodontics 6.) prosthodontics 7.) dental public health 8.) oral and maxillofacial pathology 9.) dental anesthesiology 10.) oral medicine 11.) orofacial pain
What are some uses for dental images?
1.) To detect lesions, diseases, and conditions of the teeth and surrounding structures that cannot be identified clinically 2.) To confirm or classify suspected disease To localize lesions or foreign objects 3.) To provide information during dental procedures 4.) To evaluate growth and development 5.) To illustrate changes secondary to caries, periodontal disease, and trauma 6.) To document the condition of a patient at a specific point in time 7.) To aid in development of a clinical treatment plan
What makes digital imaging so great?
1.) it allows for instant and easy transmission of images and electronic storage 2.) reduces patient exposure to radiation 3.) no chemical waste
What makes 3-D imaging so great?
1.) there is no magnification, distortion, or superimposition of structures 2.) allows for diagnosis of disease and image guidance of surgical procedures
In what year did the German glassblower named Heinrich Geissler build the first vacuum tube?
1838
In what year did Hittorf discover that the discharges emitted from the negative electrode of the tube traveled in straight lines, produced heat, and resulted in a greenish fluorescence?
1870
In what year might have Philip Lenard discovered the x-ray if he had used more sensitive fluorescent screens?
1894
In what year was C. Edmund Kells, a New Orleans dentist, credited with the first practical use of radiographs in dentistry
1896
In what years did dental x-ray packets consist of glass photographic plates or film cut into small pieces and hand wrapped in black paper and rubber?
1896-1913
In what year did William D. Coolidge, an electrical engineer, develop the first hot-cathode x-ray tube, a high-vacuum tube that contained a tungsten filament (became a prototype for all modern x-ray tubes)
1913
In what year did the Eastman Kodak Company manufacture the first pre wrapped intraoral films?
1913
In what year did the first machine make periapical film packets?
1920
In what year was a miniature version of the x-ray tube created by the Victor X-ray corporation of Chicago?
1923
In what year did General Electric make upgrades to the machine?
1933
In what year did Hisatugu Numata of Japan first expose a panoramic radiograph?
1933
In what year was a kilovoltage machine introduced?
1957
In what year was a recessed long-beam tubehead was introduced?
1966
In what year was the technology that is used to support dental digital imaging introduced in France when the first intraoral imaging sensor was introduced?
1987
In what year was the article describing direct digital imaging technology first published in U.S. dental literature?
1989
In what year did the American Dental Association recognize its ninth specialty program: oral and maxillofacial radiology?
1999
In what year was the cone beam tomography introduced to dentistry?
1999
What is x-ray?
A beam of energy that has the power to penetrate substances and record image shadows on receptors (photographic film or digital sensors)
What is radiation?
A form of energy carried by waves or a stream of particles
What is fluorescence?
A glow that results when a fluorescent substance is struck by light, cathode x-rays, or x-rays
What is x-radiation?
A high-energy radiation produced by the collision of a beam of electrons with a metal target in an x-ray tube
What is a dental radiograph?
A photographic image produced on a receptor by the passage of x-rays through teeth and related structures
What is an image?
A picture or likeness of an object
What is an image receptor?
A recording medium; examples include x-ray film, phosphor plate, or digital sensor
What is a vacuum tube?
A sealed glass tube from which most of the air had been evacuated
What is a radiograph?
An image or picture produced on a receptor (radiation-sensitive film, phosphor plate, or digital sensor) by exposure to ionizing radiation; a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional object
What is a dental radiographer?
Any person who positions, exposes, and processes dental x-ray image receptors
Who introduced the paralleling technique in 1896?
C. Edmund Kells
Who was the "father of modern dental radiography" ; and revived interest in the paralleling technique with the introduction of the long-cone paralleling technique in 1947?
F. Gordon Fitzgerald
Who was a dentist in New York City and was the first to use film in intraoral radiography?
Frank Van Woert
Who used the technique in practical dental radiography in 1920?
Franklin W. McCormack
Who refined the original bisecting technique and introduced the bite-wing technique in 1925; and also wrote one of the first dental radiography textbooks in 1913?
Howard Riley Raper
Who was an Indiana University professor and established the first college course in radiography for dental students?
Howard Riley Raper
Who used the vacuum tube to study fluorescence?
Johann Wilhelm Hittorf, a German physicist
Who was awarded the first Nobel prize in physics?
Roentgen
What is radiography?
The art and science of making radiographs by the exposure of a receptor to x-rays
What is dental imaging?
The creation of digital, print, or film representations of anatomic structures for the purpose of diagnosis
What is dental radiography?
The production of radiographs of the teeth and adjacent structures by the exposure of an image receptor to x-rays
What is radiology?
The science or study of radiation as used in medicine
What does the oral and maxillofacial radiology program offer?
This program provides advanced training in radiology of the oral and maxillofacial region, including the management of diseases and disorders
Who was the Cleveland dentist that introduced the bisecting technique in 1904?
Weston Price
Who were the dental practitioners who developed these radiographic techniques?
Weston Price, Howard Riley Raper, C. Edmund Kells, Franklin W. McCormack, and F. Gordon Fitzgerald
Who was a Boston dentist who developed the first dental x-ray unit and later published a paper on the importance of radiation protection and dangers of radiation after burning himself?
William H. Rollins
Who is the "father of panoramic radiography"?
Yrjo Paatero of Finland
Who is Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen and what did he do?
a Bavarian physicist who discovered the x-ray on November 8, 1895
What did Roentgen replace the fluorescent screens with when experimenting with x-rays?
a photographic plate
What is the Hittorf-Crookes tube?
a tube used in Roentgen's experiments that incorporated the best features of the Hittorf and Crookes designs
What was used in cathode ray experimentation?
a vacuum tube, electrical current, and special screens covered with a material that fluoresced when exposed to radiation
What does cone beam tomography do?
allows for viewing of the oral structures in 3 dimensions
Why are x-rays called x-rays?
because "x" meant unknown
Why was Roentgen so shocked with the x-ray?
because it could travel several feet outside of the vacuum tube
Why is fast film ideal?
because it is important to keep the exposure time to patients limited
How did Roentgen discover the x-ray?
by experimenting with cathode rays
What did Roentgen experiment with before the discovery of the x-ray?
cathode rays
What is one of the most significant advances that have occurred in dentistry?
digital imaging
What else did C. Edmund Kells do?
he also exposed the first dental radiograph in the U.S. using a living person; and later developed many cancers in his hand, fingers, and arms after overexposure during his trials
What did the German dentist named Otto Walkhoff do after the discovery of x-rays in 1895?
he made the first dental radiograph
What did W.J. Morton, a New York physician do in 1895?
he made the first dental radiograph in the U.S. using a skull; he also made the first full body radiograph using 3x6 feet sheet of film
Who did Roentgen experiment x-rays on and for how long would he expose them to it?
his wife's hand for 15 min at a time
In what year did William Crookes, an English chemist, redesign the vacuum tube and discover that cathode rays were streams of charged particles?
late 1870's
Can cathode rays travel far outside of the tube?
no
What is the most common extraoral technique used in dentistry?
panoramic radiography