Chapter 1 Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology

The anatomical term for the portion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist is

antebrachial

The correct anatomic directional term for "in front of" is

anterior

The visceral pleura

covers the external surface of the lungs

The correct anatomic directional term for "at the head end" is

cranial

The posterior aspect of the axial region of the body contains the

cranial cavity and vertebral canal

The anatomical term for the portion of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle is

crural

The correct anatomic directional term for "at the back side of the human body" is

dorsal

Receptors

free nerve ending in the skin detect cold

The anatomical term for forehead is

frontal

The anatomical term for buttock is

gluteal

The anatomical term for the great toe is

hallux

Lumbar is to lower back as manus is to

hand

The anatomical term coxal refers to the

hip

Control Center

hypothalamus of brain sets body temperature

In a negative feedback process, the resulting action will always be in the _____ direction of the stimulus.

opposite

The anatomical term for mouth is ____ cavity.

oral

The serous membrane forming the outermost layer of the sac that surrounds the heart is the

parietal pericardium

The ____ lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity.

parietal peritoneum

The _____ lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall.

parietal pleura

Regarding the serous membranes of the ventral cavity, a _____ layer lines the internal surface of the body wall, while a _____ later covers the external surface of organs.

parietal; visceral

The correct anatomical term for kneecap it

patellar

The anatomical term for chest is

pectoral

The anatomical term for the diamond-shaped region between the thighs that contains the anus and selected external reproductive organs is

perineal

A serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is called the

peritoneum

The anatomical term for the lateral aspect of the lower leg is _____ region.

peroneal

The anatomical term for fingers or toes is

phalanges

The anatomical term for the area posterior to the knee is

popliteal

The anatomical term for the central-most anterior region of the pelvis is

pubic

Homeostasis is involved with the _____ of living things.

regulation

The production of sex cells that, under the right conditions, have the ability to develop into a new living organism is

reproduction

The correct anatomic directional term meaning "toward the nose" is _____.

rostral

A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane, but is either to the left or right of the midsagittal plane is termed a _____ plane

sagittal

The ____ method refers to a systematic and rigorous process by which scientists develop and test a hypothesis.

scientific

Negative feedback mechanisms work by maintaining the variable within a normal level or what is called a ____ point

set

Organs of the abdominal cavity include the

stomach

Anatomy

studies the small intestine including its relationship to the rest of the body

The correct anatomic directional term for "closer to the head" is

superior

The anatomical term for ankle is

talocural

Umbilical

the center of the nine regions

epigastric

the region above the umbilical region

right hypochondriac

the region to the right of the epigastric region

right lilac

the region to the right of the hypogastric region

Cytology refers to

the study of cells and their internal structures. ("cyto" means cell, and "logos" means study in the word "cytology.")

____ study the function of body parts.

Physiologists

Which are examples of a positive feedback loop?

- breast feeding - blood clotting - childbirth

Which are examples of negative feedback regulation?

- changing breathing rate in response to an increase of CO2 - changes in blood pressure when exercising

The components associated with the homeostatic system are which choices?

- control center - effector - receptor

Anatomy is the study of what?

- form - structure

Which of the following are characteristics of all living things?

- metabolism - organization - growth and development

Which are examples of negative feedback regulation?

- regulating blood pressure - withdrawal reflex from stepping on glass - regulating heart rate

Which of the following body structures can serve as effectors?

- smooth muscles of bronchioles - insulin secreting cells of pancreas

The chemical level of an organization is

- the simplest level of organization - composed of atoms and molecules

______ tends to focus on the form and structure, while _____ focuses on the mechanisms and functions of these structures.

Anatomy; Physiology

_____ may explore how the lower limb differs between humans and chimps.

Comparative anatomy

Physiology

Examines how the muscles of the small intestine propel food through the digestive tract

True or False: Because the end result of a positive feedback mechanism is to increase the activity, positive feedback mechanisms are much more common than negative feedback mechanisms.

False

Urinary system

Filters the blood and removes waste from the blood

Reproductive physiology

Gamete production and related hormones and physiologic cycles

____ describes an investigation of the structure and relationships of body parts that are visible to the unaided eye?

Gross Anatomy

____ refers to the body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in response to changing internal or external conditions.

Homeostasis

Cardiovascular system

Moves blood containing hormones, nutrients, and gases

Lymphatic system

Participates in immune response

Match the serious membrane to its corresponding organ(s).

Pieura - Lungs Pericardium - Heart Peritoneum - Digestive organs

_____ is the anatomic directional term which means "closest to the point of attachment to the trunk."

Proximal

_____ investigates the relationships among internal structures that may be visualized by specific scanning procedures?

Radiographic anatomy

______ are the homeostatic components that typically consist of sensory neurons that detect changes in temperature, chemicals or muscle stretch.

Receptors

_______, one of the important characteristics of living things, involves mechanisms within an organism that maintain a consistent internal environment, also called a "steady state."

Regulation

Respiratory system

Responsible for exchange of gases

Endocrine system

Secretes hormones to regular growth and chemical levels in blood

Cardiovascular physiology

The function of the heart, blood and blood vessels are examined

Visualizing the body in the _________ is significant because all observers have a common point of reference when describing and discussing its regions.

anatomical position

True of False: Physiology focuses on the molecular or cellular level to gain an understanding of how organ systems work.

True

True or False: As the human body grows in size, structures such as the brain become more complex.

True

True or False: Physiology focuses on the molecular or cellular level to gain an understanding of how organ systems work.

True (a basic knowledge of chemistry is essential to understand physiology)

On the anterior surface of the body, the anatomical term for the region inferior to the thorax and superior to the hip bones is the _______ region.

abdominal

The ____ region of the body includes the head, neck, and trunk.

axial

The correct anatomical term for armpit is

axillary

Effectors

blood vessels dilate, sweat glands secrete sweat

Effectors

blood vessels in the skin constrict, muscles shiver

Homeostasis

body temperature returns to normal

The correct anatomic directional term for "at the rear or tall end" is

caudal

The correct anatomic directional term meaning "toward the midline of the body" is

medial

A _____ plane extends through the body vertically and divides it into equal left and right halves.

median

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body is called

metabolism

A _____ plane is a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into equal left and right halves.

midsagittal

The _____ plane would divide the head into a left half and a right half (each containing one eye, one ear, and half of the nose and mouth).

midsagittal

The anatomical term for nose it

nasal

The anatomical term for the medial aspect of the forearm is _____.

ulnar

The anatomical term for navel is

umbilicus

The _____ canal contains the spinal cord.

vertebral

Stimulus

vigorous exercise raises body temperature

Serous membranes form two laters: a ______ layer and a parietal layer.

visceral

The _____ pericardium forms the heart's external surface.

visceral

The ______ pericardium forms the heart's external surface.

visceral

Control center

Hypothalamus of the brain sets body temperature

The _____ plane would divide the heard into a left half and a right half (each containing one eye, one ear and hand of the nose and mouth).

midsagittal

The plane known as the ______ plane passes through the specimen at an angle

oblique

Receptors

organs in the skin detect heat

Scientists who examine how organs and body systems function under normal circumstances, as well as how their functions may change with disease are called

physiologists

A stimulus to the skin of the hand causes someone to withdraw their hand from the stimulus to prevent damage; this is an example of

responsiveness

A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane, but is either to the left or right of the midsagittal plane is termed a ______ plane.

sagittal

The anatomical term for the calf area is

sural

Which of the following statements correctly apply to homeostasis as a physiologic process?

- the control center is generally the nervous system or endocrine system - negative feedback typically keeps these processes in check - these processes are dynamic - when homeostasis falls disease or even death occurs

The word anatomy is derived from the Greek word anatomy, which could be described by which of the following?

- to dissect - to cut apart

Vertebral is to spinal column as olecranal is to

elbow

Control centers are generally portions of the

- spinal cord - brain - thyroid gland (endocrine organs also serve as control centers. The thyroid gland is an endocrine organ.)

The anatomical term for cheek is _____ while the anatomical term for chin is _____.

buccal; mental

The anatomical term for heel is

calcaneal

Rank the following terms from simplest to most complex.

1. cells 2. tissues 3. organs 4. organ systems 5. organism

Surface Anatomy

A focuses on the internal body structures that relate to the skin covering them

Systemic Anatomy

A study of each body system

Respiratory physiology

A study of how gas exchange occurs

Embryology

A study of the developmental changes occurring from conception to birth

Neurophysiology

An examination of nerve impulses that travel throughout the body

Comparative Anatomy

An examination of the differences in the anatomy of different species.

Regional Anatomy

An examination of the structures in a particular region

_____ examine the relationships among parts of the body as well as the structure of individual organs.

Anatomists

The anatomical term for heel is

Calcaneal

_____ is the anatomic directional term which means "on the outside" or "toward the skin".

Superficial

The anatomical term for facial cheek is

buccal

The correct anatomical term for head is

cephalic

Stimulus

cold temperature lowers body temperature below normal

The anatomical term for the back of the head is

occipital

The heart and lungs are organs in the ____ cavity

thoracic

A _____ plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

transverse

Which term describes the relationship of the stomach to the spinal cord?

Anterior

Match the directional term to its opposite term

Superficial - Deep Cranial - Caudal Ventral - Dorsal Distal - Proximal

The ____ plane is a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior parts.

coronal