Chapter 1 The sciences of Anatomy and physiology

Explain how the studies of form and function are interrelated

A person must understand anatomic form to study function of a structure. A person cannot describe and understand anatomic form without learning that organs function. The study of anatomy and physiology reflects the important interrelationship of how the structure and form of a component of the body determines how it functions.

Describe the different anatomic directional terms

Anterior:Front of. Toward front surface Posterior: In Back of. Toward back surface, The heart is posterior of the sternum. Dorsal: At the back side of the human body Ex: spinal cord Ventral:At the belly side of human body. Ex: Belly button Superior: Closer to the head inferior: Closer to the feet Cranial: At the head end. Ex: shoulders Caudal: at the rear or tail end. Ex: buttocks Rostral: Toward nose or mouth. Ex: frontal lobe of brain. Medial: Toward midline of the body. Ex: lungs Lateral: Away from the midline of the body. Ex: arms Deep: On the inside. Ex: Heart Superficial: On the outside. Ex: skin Proximal: Closer to point of attachment. Ex: elbow Distal: Farther away from point of attachment. Ex: wrist

Identify the major regions using proper anatomic terminology

Axial Region: Includes the head, neck, and trunk Appendicular: Composed of the upper and lower limbs

List the subdivisions of physiology

Cardiovascular physiology- examines the functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Neurophysiology: examines how nerve impulses travel throughout the nervous system. Respiratory physiology: studies how respiratory gases are transferred by gas exchange between the lungs and the blood vessels Reproductive physiology: explores how the regulation of reproductive hormones can drive the reproductive cycle and influence sex cell production and maturation. Pathophysiology:investigates the relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease or injury to that organ system. For example, a person would examine how blood pressure may be affected in an individual with heart disease.

Compare the organ systems in the human body

Integumentary System: Skin. Provides protection, regulates body temperature. Prevents water loss. Skeletal System: Bones. Provides support and protection. Stores calcium and provides sites for muscle attachment. Muscular System: Produces body movement, generates heat when muscles contract. Nervous System: Controls muscles and some glands and responds to sensory stimuli. Responsibile for consciousness, intelligence, memory. Endocrine system: Consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones, which regulate development, growth and metabolism Cardiovascular system: Consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart moves blood through blood vessels. Lymphatic system: Transports and filters lymph and participates in an immune response when necessary. Respiratory system: Responsible for the exchange of gases (Oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood and the air in the lungs. Urinary System: Filters the blood to remove waste products and biologically active molecules, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body. Digestive System: Mechanically and chemically digests food materials. Absorbs nutrients and expels waste products. Male reproductive system: Produces male sex cells and male hormones Female Reproductive system: produces female sex cells and female hormones (estrogen) recieves sperm from male.

List the subdivisions in both microscopic and gross anatomy.

Microscopic Anatomy: Examines structures that cannot be seen by the unaided eye. Scientists prepare individual cells or thin slices of some part of the body and examine these specimens under the microscope. Microscopic has several subdivisions with two main divisions. Cytology: is the study of body cells and their internal structure. Histology: is the study of tissues Gross Anatomy: investigates the structure and relationships of body parts that are visible to the unaided eye. Ex: intestines. stomach, brain, heart, and kidneys. Systemic Anatomy: studies the anatomy of each functional body system. For example, urinary system, urine transport. Regional Anatomy: examines all of the structure in a particular region of the body. For example, axillary( armpit) region of the body they examine everything of that area. Surface Anatomy: Focus on both superficial anatomic markings and the internal body structures that relate to the skin covering them.Ex: pulse locations, proper CPR. Comparative Anatomy: Examines similarities and the differences in the anatomy of different species. Ex: examine limb structures of humans, chimps, dogs, and cats. Embryology: Is the discipline concerned with development changes occurring from conception to birth. Pathologic Anatomy: examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease. Both gross and microscopic structures are examined. Radiographic Anatomy: investigates the relationships among internal structures that may be visualized by specific scanning procedures. Ex: MRI

List the characteristics common to all living things

Organization. All organisms exhibit a complex structure and order. Metabolism. The sum of all of the chemical reactions that occur within the body. Metabolism consists of both Anabolism; in which small molecules are joined to form larger molecules and, Catabolism, in which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules. Growth and development. During their lifetime, organisms assimilate materials from their environment and often increase in size. As the human body grows and develops, structures such as the brain become more complex and sophisticated. Responsiveness. The ability to sense and react to stimuli. Ex: Hot temperature to the hands causes the human to withdraw the hand from the stimulus to prevent injury or damage. Regulation. An organism must be able to adjust or direct internal bodily function in the face of environmental changes. When body temperature rises, the body regulates this change by circulating more blood near its surface to facilitate heat loss, and thus returns the body to within normal range. Reproduction: All organisms produce new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair. Ex: The somatic (Body) cells divide by a process called mitosis, whereas sex cells (Gametes) are produced by another type of cell division called meiosis. The sex cells , under the right condition , have the ability to develop into a new living organism.

Describe the science of physiology

Physiologists examine the function of various organ systems, and they typically focus on the molecular or cellular level.

Scientific method

Refers to a systematic and rigorous process 1. Examine natural events through observation 2. Develop a hypothesis for explaining these phenomena 3. Experiment and test the hypothesis through the collection of data 4. Determine if the data support the hypothesis, or if the hypothesis needs to be rejected or modified.

Describe the anatomic sections and planes through the body

Section: implies an actual cut or slice to expose the internal anatomy. Plane: Implies an imaginary flat surface passing through the body. Three major anatomic planes are the coronal, transverse, and midsagittal planes. Coronal plane: Frontal plane, is a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior(front) and posterior (Back) parts. Transverse Plane: Divides the body or organ into superior(Top) and inferior (bottom) parts. Midsagittal Plane: Vertical plane that divides the body or organ into left and right halves. Sagittal Plane: divides a structure into left and right portions that are not equal. Oblique plane: pass through a structure at an angle

Anatomic Position

Stands upright with feet parallel and flat on the floor, the upper limbs are at the sides of the body, and the palms face anteriorly: The head is level and the eyes look forward toward the observer.

Describe the anatomic position and its importance in the study of anatomy

Stands upright with feet parallel and flat on the floor, the upper limbs are at the sides of the body, and the palms face anteriorly: The head is level and the eyes look forward toward the observer. The point of the anatomic position is for accuracy and clarity. For example if a person is standing the heart is superior to the stomach yet if the person is lying down in a supine position this statement would not be true.

Physiology

Study the function of the body parts. Physiologists examine how organs and body systems function under normal cicumstances and how their functioning may alter from medication or disease.

Describe the levels of organization in the human body

The Chemical level is the simplest level. It involves atoms and molecules. Atoms are the smallest units of matter that exhibit the characteristics of an element, such as carbon and Hydrogen. When two or more atoms combine they form a molecule. Ex: Sugar, water molecule, vitamin. More complex molecules are called MACROMOLECULES and include some proteins and the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Macromolecules form specialized microscopic subunits in cells called organelles, which are microscopic structures found within cells. The Cellular Level consists of cells, which are the smallest living structures and serve as the basic units of structure and function in organisms. Cells are formed from the atoms and molecules from the chemical level. The Tissue Level consists of tissues. which are groups of similar cells that perform common functions. There are four major types of tissues. Epithelial tissue covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities. Connective tissue protects, supports, and binds structures and organs. Muscle tissue produces movement. Nervous tissue conducts nerve impulses for communication. The organ level is composed of organs, which contain two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific complex functions. The small intestine is an example of an organ that is composed of all four tissue types, which work together to process and absorb digested nutrients. The organ system level contains related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function. Ex: The organs of the digestive system oral cavity, stomach, small and large intestines, and liver work together to digest food particles absorb nutrients, and expel the waste products. The highest level of structural organization in the body is the organismal level. All body systems function interdependently in an organism, which is the living being.

Describe the body cavities and their subdivisions

The posterior Aspect: Contains cavities that are completely encased in bone and are physcially and developmentallly different from the ventral cavity. Dorsal body cavity is not used here. Posterior is divided into two cavities. Cranial cavity is formed by the bones of the cranium. Vertebral Canal, which is formed by the bones of the vertebral column that houses the spine. Ventral Cavity: Larger anteriorly placed cavity in the body. Does not encase their organs in bone. Ventral cavity is partitioned by the diaphragm into a superior thoracic and an inferior abdominopelvic. The subdivisions of the ventral cavity are lined with serous membranes. A continous layer of cells. Serous membranes form two layers. 1) Parietal layer- that typically lines the internal surface of the body wall and 2) Visceral layer that covers the external surface of the organs within that cavity. Between the parietal and visceral serous membrane layer is a space called the serous cavity.

What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

The relationship between anatomy and physiology are that they will always relatewith each other anatomy being the study of the physical organs and their structure as well as their relationship to each other. While physiology studies how those organs work to function the whole body as organ systems

Anatomy

The study of structure and form. examine parts of the body and the structure.

Explain the roles of serous membranes in the ventral cavities

Thoracic Cavity- The median space is called Mediastinum. Contains heart, thymus, trachea, and major blood vessels that contain the heart. The Mediastinum is enclosed by a two layered serous membrane called the serous pericardium. The pericardium forms the sac around the heart. The visceral pericardium forms the heart's external surface. The pericardial cavity is the space between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium that contains fluid. The right and left sides of the thoracic cavity houses the lungs which are associated with a two layered serous membrane called the pleura. The parietal pleura is the outer layer of the serous membrane and lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall. The inner layer is visceral pleura which covers the external surface of each lung. The pleural cavity is the potential space between the parietal and visceral layers, and contains fluid

Serious Fluid

consistency of oil and serves as lubricant