Chapter 1 understanding Our Environmental

Fertility rates have decreased in most areas of the world to less than____ children per woman.

3

Which of the following statements correctly describes the current state of global hunger

An estimated 850 million people are undernourished

___ thinking (a type of critical thinking) occurs when a problem is broken down into its constituent parts.

Analytical

Sustainable development means that the needs of the present___.

Are met without compromising future generations

People have identified environmental problems and worked to protect nature ________.

As early as thousands of years ago.

Sustainability is the search for ecological ______ and human progress that can las indefinitely

Balance

Currently there are 7.7 ____ people on earth

Billion

Whereas ____itself is decreasing, attempts to protect it through reserving and protecting more natural areas is increasing

Biodiversity

Steps that may be used in critical thinking include ____.

Clarifying uncertainties, distinguishing source reliability and distinguish between facts and values

Many disciplines are involved in environmental science, including chemistry and biology which___ and economics and political science which ___.

Contribute evidence; help us understand how people use resources

Many disciplines are involved in environmental science, including chemistry and biology which___ and economics and political science which___.

Contribute evidence; help us understand how people use resources

Acknowledging uncertainties, assessing assumptions, and recognizing conceptual frameworks are all steps to practice in ________ thinking.

Critical

Orderly, logical, analytical assessment of evidence, ideas, and arguments is called ______ thinking.

Critical

The current general trend of biodiversity is that it is____.

Decreasing

While the world population continues to grow, rate of population growth is ___.

Decreasing

_____ are those services and resources provided by environmental systems on earth

Ecosystem services

The many different disciplines that are used to study ___ science include biology, chemistry, economics and political science

Environmental

The many different disciplines that are used to study ______ science include biology, chemistry, economics, and political science.

Environmental

___ is the study of the environment and our place in it.

Environmental science

True or False: the general public and the scientific community use the term "theory" in the same manner

False

Why do science require reproducibility in their work?

It is a key verification that the initial result or conclusion wasn't unique.

critical thinking means that a person ___.

Logically and analytically assesses new ideas and evidence

Sustainable cities

Over 50% of people live in urban areas

Sustainable development requires that the needs and welfare of future ______ are not compromised due to current development and progress.

People

An important idea in consumption is throughput, the amount of _____ that are used and disposed of.

Resources

scientific consensus is reached when informed ______ agree after examining evidence, tests, and engaging in debate.

Scholars

Assuming that the world is knowable and observable, ______ helps us to understand the world around us.

Science

What is the term we use for cumulative body of knowledge we use to help explain and understand the world?

Science

_______ progress addresses issues such as public health and sanitation that affect the poorest people, which in turn improves water quality and other environmental issues.

Social

Earth is unique in the solar system because it has a relatively stable and mild_____

Temperatures

Reaching a scientific consensus usually requires _____.

Testing and retesting and debate

_____ is the term for the amount of resources we use and dispose of.

Throughput

The improving access to education is key to fixing environmental issues

True

In field observations, a scientist discovered that lion cubs in a particular reserve have a survival probability of 60%. If 100 cubs born in the next season, exactly how many will survive?

Unable to determine

Global wealth is____ distributed

Unevenly

In a graph, the dependent variable is plotted on the ____ axis

Y

Air pollution is involved in millions of deaths and illnesses worldwide every____

Year

_ is the study of the environment and our place in it

environmental science

______ which is the repeating of studies or tests, is an important part of sound scientific study

replication

Which of the following are current issues related to climate change?

Rising levels

Sustainable development requires that the needs and welfare of future_____ are not compromised due to current development and progress

Generations

______ was one of the early initiators of the pragmatic utilitarian conservation movement, through which nature is preserved and managed for human use.

Gifford Pinchot and Teddy Roosevelt

The most recent stage of the environmental movement has been referred to as_____.

Global environmentalism

Rejection of the scientific explanations is more often a reflection of a person's______.

Group identity

Supporting

These services might include water purification and waste decomposition

Provisioning

These services provide the resources, such as fuel, that we need to live

Which of these describe the sustainable development Goals proposed in 2016?

They include targets for economic and social equity.

Environmental policy

This guides decision on protecting and using recourses wisely

Environmental policy

This guides decision on protecting and using resources wisely

Reducing resources consumption

This is especially significant for wealthy regions that use more than their fair share.

Although hundreds of millions of people have better water supplies than they did 25 years ago, over ________ people still lack access to safe drinking water.

1 billion

Islands such as Tobago and Mauritius successfully preserved natural areas in the _____, as scientists from colonizing nations understood their importance to environmental health.

1700s

More than___ of fish stocks have been severely depleted and are in need of better management to maintain sustainable global food supplies l.

3/4

About ___% of the world population lives in regions where water demand exceeds supplies

40

What is a paradigm shift?

A great change in the explanation of a scientific process

Which of the following statements correctly describes the current state of global hunger?

An estimated 850 million people are undernourished.

The disappearing of snowfields and glaciers due to ___ change results in the loss of drinking water for many regions and major metropolitan areas such as New Delhi and Los Angeles.

Climate change

Science is a ____ process with scientific innovation building on the discoveries of the past.

Cumulative

Although both deductive and inductive reasoning are valid pathways in science, ______ reasoning uses a top down approach beginning with general verified laws to specific explanations

Deductive

Researcher bias is an issue when the experiment has high stakes, such as drug evaluations; therefore,______ experiments may be used to eliminate this problem

Double-blind and blind

Scientists are skeptical and require _____ to support claims.

Evidence

Uncertainty

Explanations and knowledge can and do change with new evidence.

True or false: Air pollution remains within the region it is created.

False

True or false: Environmental science is the study of earths natural hazards

False

The primary reason hunger is still a global problem is that____.

Food recourses are not distributed evenly

Clear-cutting of ____ has occurred worldwide; directly and drastically affecting the number of species living in these environments

Forests

Although relatively cheap, ____ fuels have high environmental costs in terms of air and water pollution

Fossil

___ fuels currently supply approximately 80% of industrialized energy needs.

Fossil

Uniformitarianism

Fundamental processes and patterns do not change over space and time.

According to sociologists, the public's decision to accept or reject scientific evidence often depends on _______ identity rather than sound science. This is the case when a person's political identity determines their acceptance of a theory.

Group

Which of the following are involved in the current,large-scale loss of native species on earth?

Habitat destruction

A______ is a testable explanation. You propose one of these after making an observation.

Hypothesis

How are social progress and environmental quality linked?

Improving the plight of marginalized people often is good for the environment

nature preserve and protected areas have___ in size and number in the past few decades

Increased

Human life expectancies have ___ in the last 100 years

Increased dramatically

______ variables are often referred to as explanatory variables because they are rarely truly free of environmental effects.

Independent

Understanding the customs of ______ peoples, such as the Kuna Indians of Panama, will increase our understanding of ecological processes and biodiversity.

Indigenous

The Idle No More movement in Canada is example of_____.

Indigenous people working to protect the environment

Since we have few absolute laws, the scientific community often relies on _____ reasoning.

Inductive

Which of the following statements is true regarding recent trends in global health?

Infants mortality has declined

Since environmental issues require complex and novel ideas and technology, it is important to improve access to___ to facilitate innovation

Information

The famous naturalist _____ based his beliefs in preserving nature on aesthetics and spiritual values, irregardless of how useful nature might be to us. He was president of the Sierra Club.

John Muir

Population growth

More people use more resources and make more waste

Global Environmentalism the _____ stage of the environmental movement

Most recent

A scientist examined a population of a Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper trees) after a hurricane to measure the effects os the storm. No alteration of variables occurred before or after the event. This is an example of a ______ experiment.

Natural

A ______ experiment involves observations after an event while _____ experiments occur when conditions are deliberately altered.

Natural and manipulative

John Muir argued that nature should be preserved because _____.

Nature deserves to exist

Can you predict what will happen in a certain situation using probability?

No, because probability only tells you the likelihood of something happening

The standard scientific process begins with a(n)_____.

Observation

The standard scientific process begins with a(n)______.

Observation

More than one billion people depend on resources from the ____ for their animal protein source. However,fish stocks are not doing well

Ocean

Nations are beginning to address exploitation of_____ resources by establishing protected areas, improving fisheries monitoring, and providing sustainable management of fish stocks.

Ocean

A ______ shift is a great change in the explanatory framework of the scientific community.

Paradigm

Some of the _____ boundaries of environmental services include freshwater use, ocean acidification, and stratospheric ozone loss.

Planetary

______ or thresholds of abrupt environmental change.

Planetary boundaries

Rachel Carson helped usher in the modern environmental movement in the 1960's with her book Silent Spring, which alerted the public to threats from_____.

Pollution toxic chemicals

Scientists often calculate how likely the outcome of their experiments may be due to chance. If this _____ is less than 5%, then the results may be considered reliable.

Probability

_______ is the measure of how likely something is to occur.

Probability

Creating reserves, monitoring fisheries, and protecting fish nurseries are ways in which we are working to___.

Protect marine resources

The Human Development Index is a measure of_____ calculated by the United Nations each year using a variety of factors such as a income equality and life expectancy.

Quality of life

How we use numbers and graphs to understand our world is ____ reasoning.

Quantitative

How we use numbers and graphs to understand our world is _____ reasoning.

Quantitative

Empiricism

Real processes can be observed and understood

We criticality analyze information in various ways such as using analytical, creative ________ and _________ thinking

Reflective and logical

Before there is substantial evidence to support experimental results or claims, scientists ______.

Remain skeptical

Repeating a test, which is essential to good science, is called______.

Replication

Scientists require ____ before accepting conclusions. This is an important step to verify that the conclusion was not a fluke or a single event.

Reproducibility

Scientific knowledge ____.

Requires many people and is a cumulative effort

The basic principles of _____ include the ideas that the world can be observed and understood with careful observations and explained with uncomplicated theories that can be repeatedly tested and eventually changed if new evidence become available.

Science

Repeatability

Scientific test results need to be reproducible

Regulating, cultural,provisional,and supportingare all types of ecosystem _____; they support most economic activity and are worth over $100 trillion every year

Services

Rachel Carson ushered in modern environmentalism with her book ______ _______ which discussed threats to human and other species form chemical pollution.

Silent, spring

Earth is remarkable because it has plentiful clean air, fresh water, and fertile ___ that are constantly renewed through biogeochemical processes and biological communities

Soil

Agriculture and Rural Development

Stewardship of the land is important for non urban dwellers and agriculture.

Agriculture and Rural Development

Stewardship of the land is important for nonurban dwellers and agriculture.

___ is the condition in which ecological stability and human progress can last over a long time

Sustainability

The _____ ______ Goals proposed buying the UN in 2016 include 17 targets, both general and specific, and cover topics such as preserving biodiversity, ending poverty, providing clean water and energy, and promoting health.

Sustainable, development

Ways to judge if a study is sound science include asking if ____.

The claims have been reproduced by others, the study agrees with the majority of the scientific community and the study has gone through a impartial peer review process

Protecting the Atmosphere

The primary concern are climate change and pollution

What is the correct balance currently between the rich and the poor?

The richest 1% have more wealth than the other 99%

parsimony

The simpler explanation of two usually is preferred

To a scientist, a(n) _____ is an explanation of a phenomena based on multiple lines of data and experience, whereas the general public tends to use this term as a substitute for something speculative.

Theory

Combating deforestation and protecting biodiversity

These biomes play many roles including water cycling, recourses creation, and being a home to diverse species.

Cultural

These services are recreational and have aesthetic benefits

Regulating

These services maintain conditions that make earth suitable for life

Health care

This essential for a productive life

Combating desertification and drought

This is imperative as it associated with water resources essential to farming, ecosystem, and life

Combating Desertification and drought

This is imperative as it associated with water resources essential to farming, ecosystem, and life.

Combating poverty

This reduces access to development essentials

True or false: asking if the proponents of a particular claim of a study have considered alternate points of view is a valid way to evaluate if the study is sound science

True

What is quantitative reasoning?

Using measurements and numbers to understand the world

Roosevelt's and Pinchot's view was that nature should be preserved and used to provide resources for humans. This is now known as pragmatic _______ conservation.

Utilitarian

Which of the following are true regarding recent trends in global health?

Vaccines are available to every person

Ecosystem ____ refers to the resources provided by environmental systems, such as water and air purification

services