Chapter 1 understanding Our Environmental
Fertility rates have decreased in most areas of the world to less than____ children per woman.
3
Which of the following statements correctly describes the current state of global hunger
An estimated 850 million people are undernourished
___ thinking (a type of critical thinking) occurs when a problem is broken down into its constituent parts.
Analytical
Sustainable development means that the needs of the present___.
Are met without compromising future generations
People have identified environmental problems and worked to protect nature ________.
As early as thousands of years ago.
Sustainability is the search for ecological ______ and human progress that can las indefinitely
Balance
Currently there are 7.7 ____ people on earth
Billion
Whereas ____itself is decreasing, attempts to protect it through reserving and protecting more natural areas is increasing
Biodiversity
Steps that may be used in critical thinking include ____.
Clarifying uncertainties, distinguishing source reliability and distinguish between facts and values
Many disciplines are involved in environmental science, including chemistry and biology which___ and economics and political science which ___.
Contribute evidence; help us understand how people use resources
Many disciplines are involved in environmental science, including chemistry and biology which___ and economics and political science which___.
Contribute evidence; help us understand how people use resources
Acknowledging uncertainties, assessing assumptions, and recognizing conceptual frameworks are all steps to practice in ________ thinking.
Critical
Orderly, logical, analytical assessment of evidence, ideas, and arguments is called ______ thinking.
Critical
The current general trend of biodiversity is that it is____.
Decreasing
While the world population continues to grow, rate of population growth is ___.
Decreasing
_____ are those services and resources provided by environmental systems on earth
Ecosystem services
The many different disciplines that are used to study ___ science include biology, chemistry, economics and political science
Environmental
The many different disciplines that are used to study ______ science include biology, chemistry, economics, and political science.
Environmental
___ is the study of the environment and our place in it.
Environmental science
True or False: the general public and the scientific community use the term "theory" in the same manner
False
Why do science require reproducibility in their work?
It is a key verification that the initial result or conclusion wasn't unique.
critical thinking means that a person ___.
Logically and analytically assesses new ideas and evidence
Sustainable cities
Over 50% of people live in urban areas
Sustainable development requires that the needs and welfare of future ______ are not compromised due to current development and progress.
People
An important idea in consumption is throughput, the amount of _____ that are used and disposed of.
Resources
scientific consensus is reached when informed ______ agree after examining evidence, tests, and engaging in debate.
Scholars
Assuming that the world is knowable and observable, ______ helps us to understand the world around us.
Science
What is the term we use for cumulative body of knowledge we use to help explain and understand the world?
Science
_______ progress addresses issues such as public health and sanitation that affect the poorest people, which in turn improves water quality and other environmental issues.
Social
Earth is unique in the solar system because it has a relatively stable and mild_____
Temperatures
Reaching a scientific consensus usually requires _____.
Testing and retesting and debate
_____ is the term for the amount of resources we use and dispose of.
Throughput
The improving access to education is key to fixing environmental issues
True
In field observations, a scientist discovered that lion cubs in a particular reserve have a survival probability of 60%. If 100 cubs born in the next season, exactly how many will survive?
Unable to determine
Global wealth is____ distributed
Unevenly
In a graph, the dependent variable is plotted on the ____ axis
Y
Air pollution is involved in millions of deaths and illnesses worldwide every____
Year
_ is the study of the environment and our place in it
environmental science
______ which is the repeating of studies or tests, is an important part of sound scientific study
replication
Which of the following are current issues related to climate change?
Rising levels
Sustainable development requires that the needs and welfare of future_____ are not compromised due to current development and progress
Generations
______ was one of the early initiators of the pragmatic utilitarian conservation movement, through which nature is preserved and managed for human use.
Gifford Pinchot and Teddy Roosevelt
The most recent stage of the environmental movement has been referred to as_____.
Global environmentalism
Rejection of the scientific explanations is more often a reflection of a person's______.
Group identity
Supporting
These services might include water purification and waste decomposition
Provisioning
These services provide the resources, such as fuel, that we need to live
Which of these describe the sustainable development Goals proposed in 2016?
They include targets for economic and social equity.
Environmental policy
This guides decision on protecting and using recourses wisely
Environmental policy
This guides decision on protecting and using resources wisely
Reducing resources consumption
This is especially significant for wealthy regions that use more than their fair share.
Although hundreds of millions of people have better water supplies than they did 25 years ago, over ________ people still lack access to safe drinking water.
1 billion
Islands such as Tobago and Mauritius successfully preserved natural areas in the _____, as scientists from colonizing nations understood their importance to environmental health.
1700s
More than___ of fish stocks have been severely depleted and are in need of better management to maintain sustainable global food supplies l.
3/4
About ___% of the world population lives in regions where water demand exceeds supplies
40
What is a paradigm shift?
A great change in the explanation of a scientific process
Which of the following statements correctly describes the current state of global hunger?
An estimated 850 million people are undernourished.
The disappearing of snowfields and glaciers due to ___ change results in the loss of drinking water for many regions and major metropolitan areas such as New Delhi and Los Angeles.
Climate change
Science is a ____ process with scientific innovation building on the discoveries of the past.
Cumulative
Although both deductive and inductive reasoning are valid pathways in science, ______ reasoning uses a top down approach beginning with general verified laws to specific explanations
Deductive
Researcher bias is an issue when the experiment has high stakes, such as drug evaluations; therefore,______ experiments may be used to eliminate this problem
Double-blind and blind
Scientists are skeptical and require _____ to support claims.
Evidence
Uncertainty
Explanations and knowledge can and do change with new evidence.
True or false: Air pollution remains within the region it is created.
False
True or false: Environmental science is the study of earths natural hazards
False
The primary reason hunger is still a global problem is that____.
Food recourses are not distributed evenly
Clear-cutting of ____ has occurred worldwide; directly and drastically affecting the number of species living in these environments
Forests
Although relatively cheap, ____ fuels have high environmental costs in terms of air and water pollution
Fossil
___ fuels currently supply approximately 80% of industrialized energy needs.
Fossil
Uniformitarianism
Fundamental processes and patterns do not change over space and time.
According to sociologists, the public's decision to accept or reject scientific evidence often depends on _______ identity rather than sound science. This is the case when a person's political identity determines their acceptance of a theory.
Group
Which of the following are involved in the current,large-scale loss of native species on earth?
Habitat destruction
A______ is a testable explanation. You propose one of these after making an observation.
Hypothesis
How are social progress and environmental quality linked?
Improving the plight of marginalized people often is good for the environment
nature preserve and protected areas have___ in size and number in the past few decades
Increased
Human life expectancies have ___ in the last 100 years
Increased dramatically
______ variables are often referred to as explanatory variables because they are rarely truly free of environmental effects.
Independent
Understanding the customs of ______ peoples, such as the Kuna Indians of Panama, will increase our understanding of ecological processes and biodiversity.
Indigenous
The Idle No More movement in Canada is example of_____.
Indigenous people working to protect the environment
Since we have few absolute laws, the scientific community often relies on _____ reasoning.
Inductive
Which of the following statements is true regarding recent trends in global health?
Infants mortality has declined
Since environmental issues require complex and novel ideas and technology, it is important to improve access to___ to facilitate innovation
Information
The famous naturalist _____ based his beliefs in preserving nature on aesthetics and spiritual values, irregardless of how useful nature might be to us. He was president of the Sierra Club.
John Muir
Population growth
More people use more resources and make more waste
Global Environmentalism the _____ stage of the environmental movement
Most recent
A scientist examined a population of a Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper trees) after a hurricane to measure the effects os the storm. No alteration of variables occurred before or after the event. This is an example of a ______ experiment.
Natural
A ______ experiment involves observations after an event while _____ experiments occur when conditions are deliberately altered.
Natural and manipulative
John Muir argued that nature should be preserved because _____.
Nature deserves to exist
Can you predict what will happen in a certain situation using probability?
No, because probability only tells you the likelihood of something happening
The standard scientific process begins with a(n)_____.
Observation
The standard scientific process begins with a(n)______.
Observation
More than one billion people depend on resources from the ____ for their animal protein source. However,fish stocks are not doing well
Ocean
Nations are beginning to address exploitation of_____ resources by establishing protected areas, improving fisheries monitoring, and providing sustainable management of fish stocks.
Ocean
A ______ shift is a great change in the explanatory framework of the scientific community.
Paradigm
Some of the _____ boundaries of environmental services include freshwater use, ocean acidification, and stratospheric ozone loss.
Planetary
______ or thresholds of abrupt environmental change.
Planetary boundaries
Rachel Carson helped usher in the modern environmental movement in the 1960's with her book Silent Spring, which alerted the public to threats from_____.
Pollution toxic chemicals
Scientists often calculate how likely the outcome of their experiments may be due to chance. If this _____ is less than 5%, then the results may be considered reliable.
Probability
_______ is the measure of how likely something is to occur.
Probability
Creating reserves, monitoring fisheries, and protecting fish nurseries are ways in which we are working to___.
Protect marine resources
The Human Development Index is a measure of_____ calculated by the United Nations each year using a variety of factors such as a income equality and life expectancy.
Quality of life
How we use numbers and graphs to understand our world is ____ reasoning.
Quantitative
How we use numbers and graphs to understand our world is _____ reasoning.
Quantitative
Empiricism
Real processes can be observed and understood
We criticality analyze information in various ways such as using analytical, creative ________ and _________ thinking
Reflective and logical
Before there is substantial evidence to support experimental results or claims, scientists ______.
Remain skeptical
Repeating a test, which is essential to good science, is called______.
Replication
Scientists require ____ before accepting conclusions. This is an important step to verify that the conclusion was not a fluke or a single event.
Reproducibility
Scientific knowledge ____.
Requires many people and is a cumulative effort
The basic principles of _____ include the ideas that the world can be observed and understood with careful observations and explained with uncomplicated theories that can be repeatedly tested and eventually changed if new evidence become available.
Science
Repeatability
Scientific test results need to be reproducible
Regulating, cultural,provisional,and supportingare all types of ecosystem _____; they support most economic activity and are worth over $100 trillion every year
Services
Rachel Carson ushered in modern environmentalism with her book ______ _______ which discussed threats to human and other species form chemical pollution.
Silent, spring
Earth is remarkable because it has plentiful clean air, fresh water, and fertile ___ that are constantly renewed through biogeochemical processes and biological communities
Soil
Agriculture and Rural Development
Stewardship of the land is important for non urban dwellers and agriculture.
Agriculture and Rural Development
Stewardship of the land is important for nonurban dwellers and agriculture.
___ is the condition in which ecological stability and human progress can last over a long time
Sustainability
The _____ ______ Goals proposed buying the UN in 2016 include 17 targets, both general and specific, and cover topics such as preserving biodiversity, ending poverty, providing clean water and energy, and promoting health.
Sustainable, development
Ways to judge if a study is sound science include asking if ____.
The claims have been reproduced by others, the study agrees with the majority of the scientific community and the study has gone through a impartial peer review process
Protecting the Atmosphere
The primary concern are climate change and pollution
What is the correct balance currently between the rich and the poor?
The richest 1% have more wealth than the other 99%
parsimony
The simpler explanation of two usually is preferred
To a scientist, a(n) _____ is an explanation of a phenomena based on multiple lines of data and experience, whereas the general public tends to use this term as a substitute for something speculative.
Theory
Combating deforestation and protecting biodiversity
These biomes play many roles including water cycling, recourses creation, and being a home to diverse species.
Cultural
These services are recreational and have aesthetic benefits
Regulating
These services maintain conditions that make earth suitable for life
Health care
This essential for a productive life
Combating desertification and drought
This is imperative as it associated with water resources essential to farming, ecosystem, and life
Combating Desertification and drought
This is imperative as it associated with water resources essential to farming, ecosystem, and life.
Combating poverty
This reduces access to development essentials
True or false: asking if the proponents of a particular claim of a study have considered alternate points of view is a valid way to evaluate if the study is sound science
True
What is quantitative reasoning?
Using measurements and numbers to understand the world
Roosevelt's and Pinchot's view was that nature should be preserved and used to provide resources for humans. This is now known as pragmatic _______ conservation.
Utilitarian
Which of the following are true regarding recent trends in global health?
Vaccines are available to every person
Ecosystem ____ refers to the resources provided by environmental systems, such as water and air purification
services
