chapter 10

The softest sound that could be heard would have an intensity of_______

0 decibels

How many neurons conduct sensory impulses from the periphery to the postcentral gyrus?

3

The ________ fibers are thin myelinated axons that carry sensations of heat, cold, and pain to the spinal cord

A-delta

Choose the statement that correctly describes the auditory tube It is a passageway from the middle ear to the oropharynx. It is usually collapsed. It opens due to the action of the stapedius muscle. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct

Which of the following is true of vestibular nystagmus It consists of involuntary oscillations of the eyes. It may be a symptom of Ménière's disease. It is loss of equilibrium. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

What is found in the anterior cavity of the eyeball

Aqueous humor

Which of the following occurs when there is significant asymmetry of the cornea and/or lens?

Astigmatism

When stereocilia are bent toward the kinocilium, the cell membrane will be________ hyperpolarized depolarized releasing increased amounts of neurotransmitter Both depolarized and releasing increased amounts of neurotransmitter are correct.

Both depolarized and releasing increased amounts of neurotransmitter are correct.

The potential produced by sensory receptors is called a________ local potential generator potential receptor potential Both generator and receptor potentials are correct.

Both generator and receptor potentials are correct.

Destroying the ciliary body would prevent the ________ from receiving nutrients

Both lens and cornea are correct.

Which of the following cranial nerves conveys gustatory information? Facial Glossopharyngeal Hypoglossal Both the facial and glossopharyngeal are correct. Trigeminal

Both the facial and glossopharyngeal are correct.

What causes the release of neurotransmitters from sweet and umami tastes?

Ca 2+

What extracellular ion is necessary for release of neurotransmitter for salty and sour tastes?

Ca 2+

Which of the following is TRUE of taste? Taste receptors areconsidered interoceptors. Sweet is sensed atthe tip of the tongue. Chemicals must bedissolved to stimulate the taste cells. All of the choices are correct.

Chemicals must be dissolved to stimulate the taste cells.

What causes the release of neurotransmitters from sweet and umami tastes?

Closing of K + channels

Which structure is NOT part of the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear? Cochlea Utricle Semicircular canals Saccule

Cochlea

Olfactory receptor proteins are especially located on the membrane of their non- motile cilia and are coupled to ______

G-proteins

Which structure is NOT a touch or pressure cutaneous receptor? Golgi Corpuscle Pacinian Corpuscle Merkel's Disk Meissner's Corpuscle

Golgi Corpuscle

What structure connects the scala vestibuli with the scala tympani?

Helicotrema

Where do the tracts carrying impulses of proprioception and pressure crossto the contralateral side of the body?

In the spinal cord at the level the axons enter the cord

Which lobe of the brain contains the primary gustatory cortex?

Insula

What characteristic does the endolymph of the membranous labyrinth have that is unusual for an extracellular fluid?

It has a higher than normal concentration of K +

Capsaicin cream is sold as topical ointment. Given what you understand about sensory receptors, what possible benefits would this ointment have?

It stimulates receptors that create warmth, dulling sensations of pain

The bending of the stereocilia of the organ of Corti opens membrane channels that are permeable to mainly ________, which causes depolarization

K+

Which type of receptor responds to physical deformation of its cell membrane? Chemoreceptors Photoreceptors Thermoreceptors Mechanoreceptors

Mechanoreceptors

Which cells have the ability to re-isomerize the all-trans retinal back to the 11-cis form?

Pigment epithelial cells

Where on the cerebral cortex is taste information sent?

Prefrontal cortex, postcentral gyrus, and insula

Which of the following is NOT true of outer hair cells of the organ of Corti? Innervated by motor neurons Will shorten when depolarized and lengthen when hyperpolarized Occur in multiple rows in each turn of the cochlear duct Relay sound information by way of the vestibulocochlear nerve

Relay sound information by way of the vestibulocochlear nerve

What causes the release of neurotransmitter when bitter taste has stimulated a taste cell?

Release of Ca 2+ from endoplasmic reticulum

Choose the correct statement regarding sensory receptors. Our senses can perceive a wide range of energies. Different modalities of sensations have different types of impulses. Sensory receptors transduce different forms of physical energy to nerve impulses. The brain cannot distinguish between impulses of cold and heat.

Sensory receptors transduce different forms of physical energy to nerve impulses.

What role do outer hair cells play in the transmission of sound? They dampen strong vibrations from very loud sounds. They bend and depolarize with specific wavelengths of sound waves. They amplify softer sound and sharpen pitch perception. All of the choices are correct.

They amplify softer sound and sharpen pitch perception.

What is the role of sustentacular cells in the olfactory epithelium?

To oxidize volatile hydrophobic odorant molecules to make them less soluble

Damage to cranial nerve ________ would limit the ability to taste sweet substances

VII

Which of the following is NOT part of the organ of Corti Vestibular membrane Tectorial membrane Basilar membrane Hair cells with sensory fibers

Vestibular membrane

Which of the following is the correct neural pathway for hearing? Vestibulocochlear nerve, inferior colliculus, medulla oblongata, thalamus, temporal lobe Vestibulocochlear nerve, medulla oblongata, inferior colliculus, thalamus, temporal Vestibulocochlear nerve, thalamus, inferior colliculus, medulla oblongata, temporal None of the choices are correct.

Vestibulocochlear nerve, medulla oblongata, inferior colliculus, thalamus, temporal

What is the name of the process that re-isomerizes the all-trans retinal back to the 11- cis form?

Visual cycle of retinal

Retinaldehyde (retinal) is derived from_______

Vitamin A

When an object is more than 20 feet from the eyes,________. the ciliary muscle relaxes there is tension on the zonular fibers of the suspensory ligament the lens is pulled and flattened All of the choices are correct.

all of the choices are correct

Cells in the retina which connect photoreceptors and ganglion cells are called ______

bipolar cells

What color of light is best absorbed by rods?

blue-green

Damage to cutaneous receptors would limit the ability to detect all of the following EXCEPT _______ pain thermal sensations body position touch

body position

Sensorineural deafness can be caused by all of the following EXCEPT________

build up of wax in the ears

When ________ enter the microvilli of taste cells, depolarization occurs, producing a ________ taste sensation

calcium ions; sour

The aggregation of crystallin protein in the lens produces ________

cataracts

Impulses of pain are also transmitted to the ________, which is part of the limbic system

cingulate gyrus

Light is refracted the most by the ____

cornea

Functions of the pigment epithelium of the retina do NOT include _____

creating the dark current of the photoreceptors

An individual with astigmatism would have their vision corrected by ________

cylindrical lens

Dominant retinitis pigmentosa is characterized by_____

degeneration of photoreceptors

Sympathetic stimulation is responsible for pupil ________ in ________ light

dilation; dim

What is the medium found in the cochlear canal?

endolymph

Chemoreceptors that respond to chemical changes in the external environment are called________

exteroceptors

Cutaneous receptors respond to stimuli that are outside the body and are therefore also________

exteroceptors

Myopia generally occurs when the_____

eyeball is too long

Of the structures provided, it would be easiest to discern two distinct pins touching the skin on the _______

forehead

As the magnitude of a generator potential increases the ________ of action potentials in the sensory neuron increases

frequency

The hertz is a measure of______

frequency

The optic nerve is formed from fibers of _______

ganglion cells

Long term blockage of the scleral venous sinus can induce ________

glaucoma

Types of tongue papillae do NOT include ________.

glossoform papillae

What neurotransmitter is released by the inner hair cells once they have depolarized?

glutamate

Acute itch is produced by ________ binding to its receptors

histamine

What condition occurs when the eyeball is too short and the focal point appears behind the eyeball?

hyperopia

A patient undergoes an eye exam and is diagnosed with ________. A ________ lens would correct this disorder of refraction

hyperopia; convex

Inhibiting phosphodiesterase would cause the photoreceptor to undergo ________

hyperpolarization

Without the presence of ________, sensations of pain in a somatic location that are not due to nociceptor stimulation in that region may not be experienced

interneurons

Chemoreceptors that monitor blood glucose levels are also_______

interoceptors

Sensations are sharpened via________

lateral inhibition

Transmission of thermal sensations to the sensory cortex would be impaired by damage to the________

lateral spinothalamic tract

If damage to the ________ tract was sustained, an individual may lose the ability to perceive ________ in the area corresponding to that spinal level

lateral spinothalamic; pain

The least amount of energy that produces adequate stimulation of a receptor is the________

law of specific nerve energies

Otoliths are associated with the_______

macula

Stimulation of the hair cells of the vestibular apparatus sends impulses to the cerebellum and ________ by way of the vestibulocochlear nerve

medulla and pons

The ________is a membrane ion channel on sensory neurons that responds to cold in the 8o to 28oC range by producing a depolarization

menthol receptor

Proprioception and pressure impulses are carried by large, ________ neurons in the ________ columns of the spinal cord

myelinated; dorsal

Information obtained via ________ is transmitted directly to the limbic system

olfaction

What area of the retina has no photoreceptors?

optic disc

Vibrations in the stapes directly induce vibrations in the_______

oval window

The law of specific nerve energies can be used to explain_______

paradoxical cold

The scala vestibuli of the cochlea is filled with_______

perilymph

The tip region of the photoreceptor cells are removed by cells of the retinal pigment epithelium by _______

phagocytosis

Within the eye, electrical impulses pass from _______

photoreceptors to bipolar cells to ganglion cells

Age-related hearing impairment is known as_______

presbycusis

Loss of accommodation with age is _______

presbyopia

Pupil diameter would be increased by contraction of the _______

radial muscles

As ________ increases, the two-point threshold decreases

receptor density

The bending of light as it passes through different media is called _______

refraction

When viewing an object far away, the ciliary muscle will ________, the suspensory ligament will ________, and the lens will become more ________

relax; tighten; flattened

The outermost layer of the eyeball is the ________

sclera

The cupula is part of the______

semicircular canals

Vertigo occurs due to activation of the_______

semicircular canals

Having the ability to ignore constant phasic stimuli is called_______

sensory adaption

The structure(s) involved in hearing include the ________

spiral organ

Nociceptors may be either myelinated or unmyelinated, and function to carry pain to the spinal cord using ________and ________ as neurotransmitters

substance P; glutamate

What structure holds the lens in place?

suspensory ligament

Damage to the postcentral gyrus of the central fissure may interfere with ________

the ability to feel a fly land on your forearm

Accommodation would occur when_____

the muscles of the ciliary body contract

Which taste modality involves membrane receptors that are coupled to G-proteins?

umami

The structures that function in equilibrium are known as the _______

vestibular apparatus

A patient diagnosed with hyperopia stands 20 feet away from the eye chart. Without corrective lenses, the images on the chart

will come into focus posterior the retina