chapter 10
The softest sound that could be heard would have an intensity of_______
0 decibels
How many neurons conduct sensory impulses from the periphery to the postcentral gyrus?
3
The ________ fibers are thin myelinated axons that carry sensations of heat, cold, and pain to the spinal cord
A-delta
Choose the statement that correctly describes the auditory tube It is a passageway from the middle ear to the oropharynx. It is usually collapsed. It opens due to the action of the stapedius muscle. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct
Which of the following is true of vestibular nystagmus It consists of involuntary oscillations of the eyes. It may be a symptom of Ménière's disease. It is loss of equilibrium. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
What is found in the anterior cavity of the eyeball
Aqueous humor
Which of the following occurs when there is significant asymmetry of the cornea and/or lens?
Astigmatism
When stereocilia are bent toward the kinocilium, the cell membrane will be________ hyperpolarized depolarized releasing increased amounts of neurotransmitter Both depolarized and releasing increased amounts of neurotransmitter are correct.
Both depolarized and releasing increased amounts of neurotransmitter are correct.
The potential produced by sensory receptors is called a________ local potential generator potential receptor potential Both generator and receptor potentials are correct.
Both generator and receptor potentials are correct.
Destroying the ciliary body would prevent the ________ from receiving nutrients
Both lens and cornea are correct.
Which of the following cranial nerves conveys gustatory information? Facial Glossopharyngeal Hypoglossal Both the facial and glossopharyngeal are correct. Trigeminal
Both the facial and glossopharyngeal are correct.
What causes the release of neurotransmitters from sweet and umami tastes?
Ca 2+
What extracellular ion is necessary for release of neurotransmitter for salty and sour tastes?
Ca 2+
Which of the following is TRUE of taste? Taste receptors areconsidered interoceptors. Sweet is sensed atthe tip of the tongue. Chemicals must bedissolved to stimulate the taste cells. All of the choices are correct.
Chemicals must be dissolved to stimulate the taste cells.
What causes the release of neurotransmitters from sweet and umami tastes?
Closing of K + channels
Which structure is NOT part of the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear? Cochlea Utricle Semicircular canals Saccule
Cochlea
Olfactory receptor proteins are especially located on the membrane of their non- motile cilia and are coupled to ______
G-proteins
Which structure is NOT a touch or pressure cutaneous receptor? Golgi Corpuscle Pacinian Corpuscle Merkel's Disk Meissner's Corpuscle
Golgi Corpuscle
What structure connects the scala vestibuli with the scala tympani?
Helicotrema
Where do the tracts carrying impulses of proprioception and pressure crossto the contralateral side of the body?
In the spinal cord at the level the axons enter the cord
Which lobe of the brain contains the primary gustatory cortex?
Insula
What characteristic does the endolymph of the membranous labyrinth have that is unusual for an extracellular fluid?
It has a higher than normal concentration of K +
Capsaicin cream is sold as topical ointment. Given what you understand about sensory receptors, what possible benefits would this ointment have?
It stimulates receptors that create warmth, dulling sensations of pain
The bending of the stereocilia of the organ of Corti opens membrane channels that are permeable to mainly ________, which causes depolarization
K+
Which type of receptor responds to physical deformation of its cell membrane? Chemoreceptors Photoreceptors Thermoreceptors Mechanoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Which cells have the ability to re-isomerize the all-trans retinal back to the 11-cis form?
Pigment epithelial cells
Where on the cerebral cortex is taste information sent?
Prefrontal cortex, postcentral gyrus, and insula
Which of the following is NOT true of outer hair cells of the organ of Corti? Innervated by motor neurons Will shorten when depolarized and lengthen when hyperpolarized Occur in multiple rows in each turn of the cochlear duct Relay sound information by way of the vestibulocochlear nerve
Relay sound information by way of the vestibulocochlear nerve
What causes the release of neurotransmitter when bitter taste has stimulated a taste cell?
Release of Ca 2+ from endoplasmic reticulum
Choose the correct statement regarding sensory receptors. Our senses can perceive a wide range of energies. Different modalities of sensations have different types of impulses. Sensory receptors transduce different forms of physical energy to nerve impulses. The brain cannot distinguish between impulses of cold and heat.
Sensory receptors transduce different forms of physical energy to nerve impulses.
What role do outer hair cells play in the transmission of sound? They dampen strong vibrations from very loud sounds. They bend and depolarize with specific wavelengths of sound waves. They amplify softer sound and sharpen pitch perception. All of the choices are correct.
They amplify softer sound and sharpen pitch perception.
What is the role of sustentacular cells in the olfactory epithelium?
To oxidize volatile hydrophobic odorant molecules to make them less soluble
Damage to cranial nerve ________ would limit the ability to taste sweet substances
VII
Which of the following is NOT part of the organ of Corti Vestibular membrane Tectorial membrane Basilar membrane Hair cells with sensory fibers
Vestibular membrane
Which of the following is the correct neural pathway for hearing? Vestibulocochlear nerve, inferior colliculus, medulla oblongata, thalamus, temporal lobe Vestibulocochlear nerve, medulla oblongata, inferior colliculus, thalamus, temporal Vestibulocochlear nerve, thalamus, inferior colliculus, medulla oblongata, temporal None of the choices are correct.
Vestibulocochlear nerve, medulla oblongata, inferior colliculus, thalamus, temporal
What is the name of the process that re-isomerizes the all-trans retinal back to the 11- cis form?
Visual cycle of retinal
Retinaldehyde (retinal) is derived from_______
Vitamin A
When an object is more than 20 feet from the eyes,________. the ciliary muscle relaxes there is tension on the zonular fibers of the suspensory ligament the lens is pulled and flattened All of the choices are correct.
all of the choices are correct
Cells in the retina which connect photoreceptors and ganglion cells are called ______
bipolar cells
What color of light is best absorbed by rods?
blue-green
Damage to cutaneous receptors would limit the ability to detect all of the following EXCEPT _______ pain thermal sensations body position touch
body position
Sensorineural deafness can be caused by all of the following EXCEPT________
build up of wax in the ears
When ________ enter the microvilli of taste cells, depolarization occurs, producing a ________ taste sensation
calcium ions; sour
The aggregation of crystallin protein in the lens produces ________
cataracts
Impulses of pain are also transmitted to the ________, which is part of the limbic system
cingulate gyrus
Light is refracted the most by the ____
cornea
Functions of the pigment epithelium of the retina do NOT include _____
creating the dark current of the photoreceptors
An individual with astigmatism would have their vision corrected by ________
cylindrical lens
Dominant retinitis pigmentosa is characterized by_____
degeneration of photoreceptors
Sympathetic stimulation is responsible for pupil ________ in ________ light
dilation; dim
What is the medium found in the cochlear canal?
endolymph
Chemoreceptors that respond to chemical changes in the external environment are called________
exteroceptors
Cutaneous receptors respond to stimuli that are outside the body and are therefore also________
exteroceptors
Myopia generally occurs when the_____
eyeball is too long
Of the structures provided, it would be easiest to discern two distinct pins touching the skin on the _______
forehead
As the magnitude of a generator potential increases the ________ of action potentials in the sensory neuron increases
frequency
The hertz is a measure of______
frequency
The optic nerve is formed from fibers of _______
ganglion cells
Long term blockage of the scleral venous sinus can induce ________
glaucoma
Types of tongue papillae do NOT include ________.
glossoform papillae
What neurotransmitter is released by the inner hair cells once they have depolarized?
glutamate
Acute itch is produced by ________ binding to its receptors
histamine
What condition occurs when the eyeball is too short and the focal point appears behind the eyeball?
hyperopia
A patient undergoes an eye exam and is diagnosed with ________. A ________ lens would correct this disorder of refraction
hyperopia; convex
Inhibiting phosphodiesterase would cause the photoreceptor to undergo ________
hyperpolarization
Without the presence of ________, sensations of pain in a somatic location that are not due to nociceptor stimulation in that region may not be experienced
interneurons
Chemoreceptors that monitor blood glucose levels are also_______
interoceptors
Sensations are sharpened via________
lateral inhibition
Transmission of thermal sensations to the sensory cortex would be impaired by damage to the________
lateral spinothalamic tract
If damage to the ________ tract was sustained, an individual may lose the ability to perceive ________ in the area corresponding to that spinal level
lateral spinothalamic; pain
The least amount of energy that produces adequate stimulation of a receptor is the________
law of specific nerve energies
Otoliths are associated with the_______
macula
Stimulation of the hair cells of the vestibular apparatus sends impulses to the cerebellum and ________ by way of the vestibulocochlear nerve
medulla and pons
The ________is a membrane ion channel on sensory neurons that responds to cold in the 8o to 28oC range by producing a depolarization
menthol receptor
Proprioception and pressure impulses are carried by large, ________ neurons in the ________ columns of the spinal cord
myelinated; dorsal
Information obtained via ________ is transmitted directly to the limbic system
olfaction
What area of the retina has no photoreceptors?
optic disc
Vibrations in the stapes directly induce vibrations in the_______
oval window
The law of specific nerve energies can be used to explain_______
paradoxical cold
The scala vestibuli of the cochlea is filled with_______
perilymph
The tip region of the photoreceptor cells are removed by cells of the retinal pigment epithelium by _______
phagocytosis
Within the eye, electrical impulses pass from _______
photoreceptors to bipolar cells to ganglion cells
Age-related hearing impairment is known as_______
presbycusis
Loss of accommodation with age is _______
presbyopia
Pupil diameter would be increased by contraction of the _______
radial muscles
As ________ increases, the two-point threshold decreases
receptor density
The bending of light as it passes through different media is called _______
refraction
When viewing an object far away, the ciliary muscle will ________, the suspensory ligament will ________, and the lens will become more ________
relax; tighten; flattened
The outermost layer of the eyeball is the ________
sclera
The cupula is part of the______
semicircular canals
Vertigo occurs due to activation of the_______
semicircular canals
Having the ability to ignore constant phasic stimuli is called_______
sensory adaption
The structure(s) involved in hearing include the ________
spiral organ
Nociceptors may be either myelinated or unmyelinated, and function to carry pain to the spinal cord using ________and ________ as neurotransmitters
substance P; glutamate
What structure holds the lens in place?
suspensory ligament
Damage to the postcentral gyrus of the central fissure may interfere with ________
the ability to feel a fly land on your forearm
Accommodation would occur when_____
the muscles of the ciliary body contract
Which taste modality involves membrane receptors that are coupled to G-proteins?
umami
The structures that function in equilibrium are known as the _______
vestibular apparatus
A patient diagnosed with hyperopia stands 20 feet away from the eye chart. Without corrective lenses, the images on the chart
will come into focus posterior the retina
