Chapter 10 &

neurotransmitter

acetylcholine

neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells

acetylcholine

carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from receptors

afferent nerve

congenital absence of a brain

anencephaly

condition of no nervous sensation

anesthesia

inability to speak

aphasia

middle layer of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord

arachnoid membrane

type of glial (neuroglial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries

astrocyte

glial cells

astrocytes

contains nerves that control involuntary body functions or muscles, glands, and internal organs

autonomic nervous system

microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell

axon

blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let certain substances enter brain tissue and keep others out

blood-brain barrier

lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord

brainstem

collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord

cauda equina

burning sensation of pain

causalgia

part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus

cell body

includes the brain and spinal cord

central nervous system

part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle movements and maintaining balance

cerebellum

posterior part of the brain; coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance

cerebellum

pertaining to the cerebellum

cerebral

outer region of the cerebrum; contains sheets of nerves

cerebral cortex

circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord

cerebrospinal fluid

cerebral aneurysm, thrombosis, or hemorrhage can be the cause of

cerebrovascular accident

largest part of the brain

cerebrum

twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain

cranial nerves

microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first to receive a nervous impulse

dendrite

part of the nerve cell that first receives the nervous impulse is the

dendrite

thick, outermost layer of the meninges

dura mater

disorder of reading, writing, and learning is

dyslexia

motor nerve that carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord

efferent nerve

inflammation of the brain

encephal

disease of the brain

encephalopathy

glial (neuroglial) cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord; helps form cerebrospinal fluid

ependymal cell

collection of blood located above the dura mater

epidural

collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS

ganglion

supportive and connective type of nerve cell; does not carry nervous impulses

glial cell

a highly malignant brain tumor

glioblastoma

malignant tumor of immature glial cells

glioblastoma

elevated portions of the cerebral cortex are called

gyri

sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded fold on the surface of the brain

gyrus

portion of the brain that controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland

hypothalamus

portion of the brain that controls the pituitary gland, water balance, and body temperature

hypothalamus

pertaining to the pia and arachnoid membranes

leptomeningeal

part of the brain that controls breathing, heartbeat, and the size of blood vessels

medulla oblongata

portion of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing , heartbeat, and size of blood vessels

medulla oblongata

membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord

meninges

tumor of the membranes around the brain and spinal cord

meningioma

hernia of the spinal cord and meninges

meningomyelocele

phagocytic glial cell

microglial cell

carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; efferent nerve

motor nerve

white, fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell

myelin sheath

x-ray record of the spinal cord

myelogram

spina bifida is associated with

myelomeningocele

pertaining to muscles and nerves

myoneural

macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers that carry electrical impulses

nerve

inflammation of a nerve root

neuritis

nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body

neuron

disease of nerves

neuropathy

chemical messenger, released at the end of a nerve cell

neurotransmitter

glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons

oligodendroglial cell

involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and gastrointestinal muscles

parasympathetic nerves

essential, distinguishing tissue of an organ or system

parenchyma

abnormal sensation of tingling or prickling

paresthesia

nerves outside the brain and spinal cord including cranial and spinal nerves

peripheral nervous system

thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges

pia mater

a network of interlacing nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system

plexus

large, interlacing network of nerves

plexus

inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord

poliomyelitis

inflammation of many nerves

polyneuritis

part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and rest of the midbrain

pons

pertaining to the cerebellum and the pons

pontine

paralysis of four extremities

quadriplegia

inflammation of a spinal nerve root

radiculitis

disease of a nerve root

radiculopathy

organ that receives a nervous stimulation and passes it on the afferent nerves

receptor

spinal nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot

sciatic nerve

carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord; afferent nerve

sensory nerve

parkinson disease is characterized by

shuffling gait

agent of change (light, sound, touch) that evokes a response

stimulus

connective and supporting tissue of an organ; glial cells of the brain

stroma

collection of blood located below the dura mater

subdural

collection of blood within the meningeal layers

subdural hematoma

depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex

sulcus

autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress

sympathetic nerves

space between nerve cells is called the

synapse

space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells

synapse

fainting

syncope

main relay center of the brain

thalamus

tenth cranial nerve

vagus nerve

calas in the brain that contains cerebrospinal fluid

ventricles of the brain