Chapter 10 &
neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells
acetylcholine
carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from receptors
afferent nerve
congenital absence of a brain
anencephaly
condition of no nervous sensation
anesthesia
inability to speak
aphasia
middle layer of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord
arachnoid membrane
type of glial (neuroglial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries
astrocyte
glial cells
astrocytes
contains nerves that control involuntary body functions or muscles, glands, and internal organs
autonomic nervous system
microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell
axon
blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let certain substances enter brain tissue and keep others out
blood-brain barrier
lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord
brainstem
collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord
cauda equina
burning sensation of pain
causalgia
part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus
cell body
includes the brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle movements and maintaining balance
cerebellum
posterior part of the brain; coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance
cerebellum
pertaining to the cerebellum
cerebral
outer region of the cerebrum; contains sheets of nerves
cerebral cortex
circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord
cerebrospinal fluid
cerebral aneurysm, thrombosis, or hemorrhage can be the cause of
cerebrovascular accident
largest part of the brain
cerebrum
twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain
cranial nerves
microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first to receive a nervous impulse
dendrite
part of the nerve cell that first receives the nervous impulse is the
dendrite
thick, outermost layer of the meninges
dura mater
disorder of reading, writing, and learning is
dyslexia
motor nerve that carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord
efferent nerve
inflammation of the brain
encephal
disease of the brain
encephalopathy
glial (neuroglial) cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord; helps form cerebrospinal fluid
ependymal cell
collection of blood located above the dura mater
epidural
collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS
ganglion
supportive and connective type of nerve cell; does not carry nervous impulses
glial cell
a highly malignant brain tumor
glioblastoma
malignant tumor of immature glial cells
glioblastoma
elevated portions of the cerebral cortex are called
gyri
sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded fold on the surface of the brain
gyrus
portion of the brain that controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland
hypothalamus
portion of the brain that controls the pituitary gland, water balance, and body temperature
hypothalamus
pertaining to the pia and arachnoid membranes
leptomeningeal
part of the brain that controls breathing, heartbeat, and the size of blood vessels
medulla oblongata
portion of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing , heartbeat, and size of blood vessels
medulla oblongata
membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
meninges
tumor of the membranes around the brain and spinal cord
meningioma
hernia of the spinal cord and meninges
meningomyelocele
phagocytic glial cell
microglial cell
carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; efferent nerve
motor nerve
white, fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell
myelin sheath
x-ray record of the spinal cord
myelogram
spina bifida is associated with
myelomeningocele
pertaining to muscles and nerves
myoneural
macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers that carry electrical impulses
nerve
inflammation of a nerve root
neuritis
nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body
neuron
disease of nerves
neuropathy
chemical messenger, released at the end of a nerve cell
neurotransmitter
glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons
oligodendroglial cell
involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and gastrointestinal muscles
parasympathetic nerves
essential, distinguishing tissue of an organ or system
parenchyma
abnormal sensation of tingling or prickling
paresthesia
nerves outside the brain and spinal cord including cranial and spinal nerves
peripheral nervous system
thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges
pia mater
a network of interlacing nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system
plexus
large, interlacing network of nerves
plexus
inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord
poliomyelitis
inflammation of many nerves
polyneuritis
part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and rest of the midbrain
pons
pertaining to the cerebellum and the pons
pontine
paralysis of four extremities
quadriplegia
inflammation of a spinal nerve root
radiculitis
disease of a nerve root
radiculopathy
organ that receives a nervous stimulation and passes it on the afferent nerves
receptor
spinal nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot
sciatic nerve
carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord; afferent nerve
sensory nerve
parkinson disease is characterized by
shuffling gait
agent of change (light, sound, touch) that evokes a response
stimulus
connective and supporting tissue of an organ; glial cells of the brain
stroma
collection of blood located below the dura mater
subdural
collection of blood within the meningeal layers
subdural hematoma
depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex
sulcus
autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress
sympathetic nerves
space between nerve cells is called the
synapse
space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells
synapse
fainting
syncope
main relay center of the brain
thalamus
tenth cranial nerve
vagus nerve
calas in the brain that contains cerebrospinal fluid
ventricles of the brain
