Chapter 10 Emotions
Theories of Attachment
*Freud- Oral satisfaction. *Harlow- Contact comfort. *Erikson- Physical comfort and sensitivity.
Parenting strategies to use in relation to children's temmperament were reached by temperament experts Sanson and Rothbary:
-Attention to and respect for individuality -Structuring the child's environment -The "difficult child" and packaged parenting programs
Functionalist view of emotions:
-Emotions are relational rather than strictly internal, intrapsychic phenomena -Emotions are linkned with individuals goals in a variety of ways -The specific nature of the goal can affect the experience of a given emotion. -The specific nature of the goal can affect the experience of a given emotion.
Evaluating the Strange Situation
-May have cultural bias -May not generalize to natural environment -closely related to how they behave at home in response to separation and reunion with their mothers -continues to show merit as a measure of infant attachment
Developmentalists view of emotions:
-emotions are the result of individuals attempts to adapt to specific contextual demands. -A child's emotional responses cannot be separated from the situations in which they are evoked. -In many instances, emotions are elicited in interpersonal contexts.
Emotions in middle and late childhood
-improved emotional understanding -inc understanding that more than one emotion can be exp in situations -inc tendency to take events into account when reacting -abiliity to suppress neg emotional reactions -the use of self initiated strategies for redirecting feelings -a capacity for genuine empathy
Coping with stress in mid and late childhood
-more able to appraise a stressful situation and det how much control they have over it -more coping alternatives -more cognitive coping strategies -better at reframing or changing ones perception
These social cognitive advances of Bowlby Attachment include
-recognizing the caregiver's face, voice, and other features -developing expectations of the caregiver to provide pleasure in social interaction and relief from distress.
infants become better at social referencing around the age of:
2
Bowlby Phase 2 of attachment
2-7 months Attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver, as the baby gradually learns to distinguish familiar from unfamiliar people.
An alarming conclusion is that a majority of the child care in the first _____ years of life was of unacceptable low quality.
3
easy child
A child who is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences.
difficult child
A child who tends to react negatively and cry frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.
social smile
A smile in response to an external stimulus, typically in response to a face. Occurs as early as 4 to 6 weeks of age
reflexive smile
A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli. It happens during the month after birth, usually during sleep.
strange situation
Ainsworth's method for assessing infant attachment to the mother, based on a series of brief separations and reunions with the mother and an adult stranger in a playoom situation
Among the most important changes in emotional development in early childhood is an increased understanding of emotion
Among the most important changes in emotional development in early childhood is an increased understanding of emotion
When children spent extensive amounts of time in child care beginning in infancy, they experienced less sensitive interactions with their mothers, showed more behavior problems, and had higher rates of illness.
Amount of child care
primary emotions
Are present in humans and animals Appear in the first six months of the human infant's development. Include surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust.
insecure-resistant attachment (ainsworth)
Babies often cling to the caregiver, then resist her by fighting against the closeness, maybe kicking or pushing away.
insecure-avoidant attachment (ainsworth)
Babies show insecurity by avoiding the mother
Between 2 and 4 years of age, children considerably increase the number of terms they use to describe emotions. They are also learning about the causes and consequences of feelings
Between 2 and 4 years of age, children considerably increase the number of terms they use to describe emotions. They are also learning about the causes and consequences of feelings
Bowlby Phase 1 of attachment
Birth to 2 months Infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures. Strangers, siblings, and parents are equally likely to elicit smiling or crying from the infant.
Bowlby Phase 4 of attachment
Children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions.
Maternity leave around the world
Europe: mandated paid 14 week U.S. unpaid max of 12 weeks
In ______ Theory, evolution endowed human beings with a biological foundation for emotion.
Evolutionary theory
Rothbart and Bates' Classification
Extraversion/surgency Negative affectivity Effortful control (self-regulation)
The influence of families and parenting was not weakened by extensive child care. Parents played a significant role in helping children to regulate their emotions.
Family and parenting influences (Study of child care)
Face-to-face play
Infant-caregiver interactions -Infants respond more positively to people than objects at 2 to 3 months of age -Still-face paradigm Increases in imitative and reciprocal play between 18-24 months
individuals with an _____ temperament in childhood are less likely as adults to be assertive or to experience social support, and more likely to delay entering a stable job track
Inhibited temperament
Emoions are linked with early developing regions of the human nervous system, including structures of the:
Limbic system and the brain stem
Many developmentalists believe it is a good strategy for a caregiver to soothe an infant before the infant gets into an intense, agitated, uncontrolled state
Many developmentalists believe it is a good strategy for a caregiver to soothe an infant before the infant gets into an intense, agitated, uncontrolled state
From adolescence into early adulthood:
Most individuals show fewer emotional mood swings, become more responsible, and engage in less risk-taking behavior, which reflects discontinuity
social referencing
Reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation
Some recommendations for parents, teachers, and other adults caring for children involved in disasters and terrorist attacks include
Reassure children (numerous times, if necessary) of their safety and security. Allow children to retell events and be patient in listening to them. Encourage children to talk about any disturbing or confusing feelings, reassuring them that such feelings are normal after a stressful event. Protect children from re-exposure to frightening situations and reminders of the trauma - by limiting discussion of the event in front of the children. Help children make sense of what happened, keeping in mind that children may misunderstand what took place.
selfconscious emotions
Require self-awareness that involves consciousness and a sense of "me." Self-conscious emotions include jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt Occurs for the first time at some point around 1.5-2 yrs
Developmentalists increasingly argue that an infant cannot be spoiled in the first year of life, which suggests that parents should soothe a crying infant
Soothe your crying baby
Recognize that the quality of your parenting is a key factor in your child's development. Make decisions that will improve the likelihood you will be good parents. Monitor your child's development. Take some time to find the best child care.
Strategies parents can follow in regard to child care
Bowlby's attachment theory
The baby cries, clings, coos, and smiles. Later, the infant crawls, walks, and follows the mother. The immediate result is to keep the primary caregiver nearby; the long-term effect is to increase the infant's chances of survival.
discontinuity
The view that development is characterized by abrupt changes in behavior; often associated with stage theories of development.
Understanding Emotions
When they are 4 to 5 years of age, children show an increased ability to reflect on emotions. They also begin to understand that the same event can elicit different feelings in different people. They show a growing awareness that they need to manage their emotions to meet social standards
Bowlby Phase 3 of attachment
With increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers, such as the mother or father.
slow-to-warm-up child
a child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood
internal working model of attachment
a mental representation of the self, of attachment figures, and of relationships in general
In adolescence, mood swings increase likely as a result of the earlier development of the
amygdala
Negative emotions include:
anxiety, anger, guilt, sadness
Securely attached babies often have caregivers who
are sensitive to their signals and are consistently available to respond to their infants needs
insecure-disorganized attachment (ainsworth)
babies are disorganized and disoriented
securely attached (ainsworth)
babies use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment
Emotions are influenced by:
biological foundations and experience
insecurely attached babies often have caregivers who
don't respond to their babies signals and have little physical contact with them
still face paradigm
caregiver alternates between engaging in face-to-face interaction with the infant and remaining still and unresponsive
As children develop, maturation of the ______ allows a decrease in unpredictable mood swings and an increase in the self-regulation of emotion
cerebral cortex
psychological and heredity factors are likely invilved in
continuity
Behavior may depend in part on baby's
culture
Bowlby theorizes that attachment does not emerge suddenly, but
develops in a series of phases, moving from a baby's general preference for human beings to a partnership with primary caregivers.
Chess and Thomas' Classification
easy, difficult, slow to warm up child
2 different emption development parental approaches
emotion coaching emotion dismissing
Positive emotions include:
enthusiasm, joy, and love
developmental social neuroscience
examines connections between socioemotional processes, development, and the brain
Contemporary view is that temperament is biologically based, but evolves when _______ is incorporated with self perceptions and behavioral preferences that characterize the child's personality
experience
Cultural variations reveal the role of ____ in emotion
experience
Link between temperament in childhood and personality in adulthood might vary depending on contexts in individuals ______
experience
Moody and emotionally negative children are more likely to
experience rejection by their peers
Emotion
feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is engaged in an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being
During the ________ year of life, the infant gradually develops an ability to inhibit, or minimize, the intensity and duration of emotional reactions
first year
Kagan's Behavioral Inhibition
focuses on differences between shy, subdued, timid child and a sociable, extraverted, bold child inhibition shows considerable stability from infancy through early childhood
At about 10-11 months of age, joint attention intensifies and infants begin to...
follow the caregivers gaze
inhibited temperament
guarded, shy, timid, fear of novelty
synchronous interactions
happening at the same time as
Emotion coaching parents tend to
interact with their children in a less rejecting manner use more nuturant than emotion dismissing parents
Social referancing helps infants:
interpret ambiguous situations, as when they encounter a stranger and need to know whether to fear the person
____ and _____ help the infant to understand that people have intentions
joint attention and gaze
Twin and adoption studies suggest that heredity has a _______ influence on differences in temperament within a group of people
moderate
Emotion coaching parents
monitor their children's emotions, view their children's negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, assist them in labeling emotions, and coach them in how to deal effectively with emotions
Emotionally positive children are likely to be
more popular
Children should not be limited to only having one temperament dimension, think of temperament as _____ dimensional
multi
reciprocal
mutual
Disorganized babies often have caregivers who
neglect of physically abuse them
These connections of attachment and the brain involve the
neuroanatomy of the brain, neurotransmitters, and hormones
2 neuropeptide hormones that play a role in the formation of mother-infant attachment
oxytosin and vasopression. Influence of these hormones on the dopamine neurotransmitter likely plays a role in the approach to the attachment object
gender may play a role in temperament
parents may react diff to boy or girl behavior
Almost all classifications of emotion are considered either:
positive or negative
Ainsworth observes that ______ attachment in the first year of life provides an important foundation for psychological development later in life. Reflects positive infant-caregiver relationship to spark healthy socioemotional development
secure
To experience _____-______ emotions, such as pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt, children must be able to refer to themselves and be aware of themselves as distinct from others
self-conscious
inhibition to the unfamiliar
shyness with strangers (peers or adults)
novelty
something new or unusual
Resistant babies often have caregivers who
tend to be inconsistent with their response
emotional competence
the adaptive ability to control emotions and know when it is appropriate to express certain emotions
Perceiving people as engaging in intentional and goal-directed behavior occurs around:
the end of the first year
goodness of fit
the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with
Ainsworth
theorist that studied types of attachment by use of the strange situation test
By ___ years of age, toddlers can use language to define their feeling states and the context that is upsetting them
two
Emotion dismissing parents
view their role as to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions