Chapter 10 Emotions

Theories of Attachment

*Freud- Oral satisfaction. *Harlow- Contact comfort. *Erikson- Physical comfort and sensitivity.

Parenting strategies to use in relation to children's temmperament were reached by temperament experts Sanson and Rothbary:

-Attention to and respect for individuality -Structuring the child's environment -The "difficult child" and packaged parenting programs

Functionalist view of emotions:

-Emotions are relational rather than strictly internal, intrapsychic phenomena -Emotions are linkned with individuals goals in a variety of ways -The specific nature of the goal can affect the experience of a given emotion. -The specific nature of the goal can affect the experience of a given emotion.

Evaluating the Strange Situation

-May have cultural bias -May not generalize to natural environment -closely related to how they behave at home in response to separation and reunion with their mothers -continues to show merit as a measure of infant attachment

Developmentalists view of emotions:

-emotions are the result of individuals attempts to adapt to specific contextual demands. -A child's emotional responses cannot be separated from the situations in which they are evoked. -In many instances, emotions are elicited in interpersonal contexts.

Emotions in middle and late childhood

-improved emotional understanding -inc understanding that more than one emotion can be exp in situations -inc tendency to take events into account when reacting -abiliity to suppress neg emotional reactions -the use of self initiated strategies for redirecting feelings -a capacity for genuine empathy

Coping with stress in mid and late childhood

-more able to appraise a stressful situation and det how much control they have over it -more coping alternatives -more cognitive coping strategies -better at reframing or changing ones perception

These social cognitive advances of Bowlby Attachment include

-recognizing the caregiver's face, voice, and other features -developing expectations of the caregiver to provide pleasure in social interaction and relief from distress.

infants become better at social referencing around the age of:

2

Bowlby Phase 2 of attachment

2-7 months Attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver, as the baby gradually learns to distinguish familiar from unfamiliar people.

An alarming conclusion is that a majority of the child care in the first _____ years of life was of unacceptable low quality.

3

easy child

A child who is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences.

difficult child

A child who tends to react negatively and cry frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.

social smile

A smile in response to an external stimulus, typically in response to a face. Occurs as early as 4 to 6 weeks of age

reflexive smile

A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli. It happens during the month after birth, usually during sleep.

strange situation

Ainsworth's method for assessing infant attachment to the mother, based on a series of brief separations and reunions with the mother and an adult stranger in a playoom situation

Among the most important changes in emotional development in early childhood is an increased understanding of emotion

Among the most important changes in emotional development in early childhood is an increased understanding of emotion

When children spent extensive amounts of time in child care beginning in infancy, they experienced less sensitive interactions with their mothers, showed more behavior problems, and had higher rates of illness.

Amount of child care

primary emotions

Are present in humans and animals Appear in the first six months of the human infant's development. Include surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust.

insecure-resistant attachment (ainsworth)

Babies often cling to the caregiver, then resist her by fighting against the closeness, maybe kicking or pushing away.

insecure-avoidant attachment (ainsworth)

Babies show insecurity by avoiding the mother

Between 2 and 4 years of age, children considerably increase the number of terms they use to describe emotions. They are also learning about the causes and consequences of feelings

Between 2 and 4 years of age, children considerably increase the number of terms they use to describe emotions. They are also learning about the causes and consequences of feelings

Bowlby Phase 1 of attachment

Birth to 2 months Infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures. Strangers, siblings, and parents are equally likely to elicit smiling or crying from the infant.

Bowlby Phase 4 of attachment

Children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions.

Maternity leave around the world

Europe: mandated paid 14 week U.S. unpaid max of 12 weeks

In ______ Theory, evolution endowed human beings with a biological foundation for emotion.

Evolutionary theory

Rothbart and Bates' Classification

Extraversion/surgency Negative affectivity Effortful control (self-regulation)

The influence of families and parenting was not weakened by extensive child care. Parents played a significant role in helping children to regulate their emotions.

Family and parenting influences (Study of child care)

Face-to-face play

Infant-caregiver interactions -Infants respond more positively to people than objects at 2 to 3 months of age -Still-face paradigm Increases in imitative and reciprocal play between 18-24 months

individuals with an _____ temperament in childhood are less likely as adults to be assertive or to experience social support, and more likely to delay entering a stable job track

Inhibited temperament

Emoions are linked with early developing regions of the human nervous system, including structures of the:

Limbic system and the brain stem

Many developmentalists believe it is a good strategy for a caregiver to soothe an infant before the infant gets into an intense, agitated, uncontrolled state

Many developmentalists believe it is a good strategy for a caregiver to soothe an infant before the infant gets into an intense, agitated, uncontrolled state

From adolescence into early adulthood:

Most individuals show fewer emotional mood swings, become more responsible, and engage in less risk-taking behavior, which reflects discontinuity

social referencing

Reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation

Some recommendations for parents, teachers, and other adults caring for children involved in disasters and terrorist attacks include

Reassure children (numerous times, if necessary) of their safety and security. Allow children to retell events and be patient in listening to them. Encourage children to talk about any disturbing or confusing feelings, reassuring them that such feelings are normal after a stressful event. Protect children from re-exposure to frightening situations and reminders of the trauma - by limiting discussion of the event in front of the children. Help children make sense of what happened, keeping in mind that children may misunderstand what took place.

selfconscious emotions

Require self-awareness that involves consciousness and a sense of "me." Self-conscious emotions include jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt Occurs for the first time at some point around 1.5-2 yrs

Developmentalists increasingly argue that an infant cannot be spoiled in the first year of life, which suggests that parents should soothe a crying infant

Soothe your crying baby

Recognize that the quality of your parenting is a key factor in your child's development. Make decisions that will improve the likelihood you will be good parents. Monitor your child's development. Take some time to find the best child care.

Strategies parents can follow in regard to child care

Bowlby's attachment theory

The baby cries, clings, coos, and smiles. Later, the infant crawls, walks, and follows the mother. The immediate result is to keep the primary caregiver nearby; the long-term effect is to increase the infant's chances of survival.

discontinuity

The view that development is characterized by abrupt changes in behavior; often associated with stage theories of development.

Understanding Emotions

When they are 4 to 5 years of age, children show an increased ability to reflect on emotions. They also begin to understand that the same event can elicit different feelings in different people. They show a growing awareness that they need to manage their emotions to meet social standards

Bowlby Phase 3 of attachment

With increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers, such as the mother or father.

slow-to-warm-up child

a child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood

internal working model of attachment

a mental representation of the self, of attachment figures, and of relationships in general

In adolescence, mood swings increase likely as a result of the earlier development of the

amygdala

Negative emotions include:

anxiety, anger, guilt, sadness

Securely attached babies often have caregivers who

are sensitive to their signals and are consistently available to respond to their infants needs

insecure-disorganized attachment (ainsworth)

babies are disorganized and disoriented

securely attached (ainsworth)

babies use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment

Emotions are influenced by:

biological foundations and experience

insecurely attached babies often have caregivers who

don't respond to their babies signals and have little physical contact with them

still face paradigm

caregiver alternates between engaging in face-to-face interaction with the infant and remaining still and unresponsive

As children develop, maturation of the ______ allows a decrease in unpredictable mood swings and an increase in the self-regulation of emotion

cerebral cortex

psychological and heredity factors are likely invilved in

continuity

Behavior may depend in part on baby's

culture

Bowlby theorizes that attachment does not emerge suddenly, but

develops in a series of phases, moving from a baby's general preference for human beings to a partnership with primary caregivers.

Chess and Thomas' Classification

easy, difficult, slow to warm up child

2 different emption development parental approaches

emotion coaching emotion dismissing

Positive emotions include:

enthusiasm, joy, and love

developmental social neuroscience

examines connections between socioemotional processes, development, and the brain

Contemporary view is that temperament is biologically based, but evolves when _______ is incorporated with self perceptions and behavioral preferences that characterize the child's personality

experience

Cultural variations reveal the role of ____ in emotion

experience

Link between temperament in childhood and personality in adulthood might vary depending on contexts in individuals ______

experience

Moody and emotionally negative children are more likely to

experience rejection by their peers

Emotion

feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is engaged in an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being

During the ________ year of life, the infant gradually develops an ability to inhibit, or minimize, the intensity and duration of emotional reactions

first year

Kagan's Behavioral Inhibition

focuses on differences between shy, subdued, timid child and a sociable, extraverted, bold child inhibition shows considerable stability from infancy through early childhood

At about 10-11 months of age, joint attention intensifies and infants begin to...

follow the caregivers gaze

inhibited temperament

guarded, shy, timid, fear of novelty

synchronous interactions

happening at the same time as

Emotion coaching parents tend to

interact with their children in a less rejecting manner use more nuturant than emotion dismissing parents

Social referancing helps infants:

interpret ambiguous situations, as when they encounter a stranger and need to know whether to fear the person

____ and _____ help the infant to understand that people have intentions

joint attention and gaze

Twin and adoption studies suggest that heredity has a _______ influence on differences in temperament within a group of people

moderate

Emotion coaching parents

monitor their children's emotions, view their children's negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, assist them in labeling emotions, and coach them in how to deal effectively with emotions

Emotionally positive children are likely to be

more popular

Children should not be limited to only having one temperament dimension, think of temperament as _____ dimensional

multi

reciprocal

mutual

Disorganized babies often have caregivers who

neglect of physically abuse them

These connections of attachment and the brain involve the

neuroanatomy of the brain, neurotransmitters, and hormones

2 neuropeptide hormones that play a role in the formation of mother-infant attachment

oxytosin and vasopression. Influence of these hormones on the dopamine neurotransmitter likely plays a role in the approach to the attachment object

gender may play a role in temperament

parents may react diff to boy or girl behavior

Almost all classifications of emotion are considered either:

positive or negative

Ainsworth observes that ______ attachment in the first year of life provides an important foundation for psychological development later in life. Reflects positive infant-caregiver relationship to spark healthy socioemotional development

secure

To experience _____-______ emotions, such as pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt, children must be able to refer to themselves and be aware of themselves as distinct from others

self-conscious

inhibition to the unfamiliar

shyness with strangers (peers or adults)

novelty

something new or unusual

Resistant babies often have caregivers who

tend to be inconsistent with their response

emotional competence

the adaptive ability to control emotions and know when it is appropriate to express certain emotions

Perceiving people as engaging in intentional and goal-directed behavior occurs around:

the end of the first year

goodness of fit

the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with

Ainsworth

theorist that studied types of attachment by use of the strange situation test

By ___ years of age, toddlers can use language to define their feeling states and the context that is upsetting them

two

Emotion dismissing parents

view their role as to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions