Chapter 10 history finals

St. Dominic or Dominic de Guzmán

the Dominican order was founded by a Spanish priest. wanted to defend church teachings from Heresy- the denial of basic church doctrines. The spiritual revival of the High Middle Ages had led to the emergence of heresies within the church. He believed that a new religious order of men who lived in poverty and could preach effectively would best be able to attack Heresy.

Vernacular

the language of everyday speech in a particular region, such as Spanish, French, English, and German

interdict

to achieve his political ends, Innocent used the spiritual weapons at his command. His favorite was _____________. It forbids priests from giving the sacraments of the Church to a particular group of people. The goal was to cause the people under this, who were deprived of the comforts of religion, to exert pressure against their ruler. With ______________ Innocent III forced the king of France, Philip Augustus, to take back his wife after Philip had tried to have his marriage annulled.

Scholasticism

tried to reconcile faith and reason- to show that faith was in harmony with reason and experience. Its chief task was to harmonized Christian teaching with the works of the Greek philosophers.

Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand

when these two married it was a major step towed unifying Spain. They strengthen their royal control in the dual monarchy. Believed that religious unity was necessary for political unity. The rulers pursued a policy of strict conformity to Catholicism. In 1492, they took the drastic step of expelling all jews who did not convert from spain. Muslims, too, after their final loss in 1492 to the armies of theses were "encouraged" to convert to Catholicism. They had the choice of conversion or voluntary exile. in 1502 they issued a decree expelling all Muslims who did not convert form her kingdom.

troubadour poetry

which was chiefly the product of nobles and knights. This poetry told of the love of knight for a lady, who inspired him to become a braver knight and better poet. A good example is from the noble Jaufré Rudel, who cherished a dram woman from afar. He feared that he would never meet her, but would always love her.

Henry VII of England

After the Hundred years' war the english struggled, both the cost of the war and losses in manpower strained the economy. Then the war of the roses erupted Noble factions fought to control the monarchy until 1485, when _________ tudor established a new dynasty. As the first Tudor king, __________________ worked to create a strong royal government. He ended the wars of the nobles by abolishing their private armies. He was also very thrifty. By not overburdening the nobles and the middle class with taxes, he won their favor. They thus provided much support for his monarchy.

John Hus

Czech reformers led by________________ called for an end to corruption of the clergy and to excessive papal power within the Church. He was accused of heresy by the council of constance and burned at the stake in 1415. In response the Czech led a revolutionary upheaval in Bohemia that was not crushed until 1436.

Hildegard of Bingen

Female intellectuals found convents a haven for their activities. Most learned women of the Middle Ages, especially in Germany, were nuns. _____________________ who became abbess of a religious house for females in western Germany. She was one of the first women composers and was an important contributor to the body of music known as Gregorian chant. Her work is remarkable because she succeeded at a time when music, especially sacred music, was almost exclusively the domain of men.

Francis of Assisi

Francis was born to a wealthy Italian merchants family in Assisi. After having been captured and imprisoned during a local war, he had a series of dramatic spiritual experiences led him to abandon all worldly goods and material pursuits and to live and preach in poverty, working and begging for his food.

Kaffa

Italian merchant brought the black plague with them from _________ on the black sea, on the island of sicily in October 1347.

Inquistion

The Church created a court called _______________, to holy office , to deal withe heretics. This court developed a regular procedure to find and try heretics. The Dominicans became especially well known for their roles as examiners of people suspected of heresy. Those who confessed to heresy performed public penance and received punishment, such as flogging. Beginning in 1252, the __________________added an element of torture to extract confessions. Those who did not confess but were still considered guilty and those who had done penance for heresy and then relapsed were subject to execution by the state.13th century Christians believed the only path to salvation was through the Church. To them,heresy was a crime against God and humanity. In their minds, using force to save souls from damnation was the right thing to do.

Battle of Orleans

The daughter of prosperous peasants, Joan of Arc was a deeply religious person. She experienced visions and believed that saints had commanded her to free France. Thought only 17, Joan's sincerity and simplicity persuaded Charles to allow her to accompany a French army to _______. Apparently inspired by Joan's faith, the french armies found new confidence and seized _________. Joan had brought the war to a turning point but did not live to see its end. The English captured Joan in 1430 and turned her over to the Inquisition on charges of witch craft and was burned at the stake.

Louis XI of France

The devolpement of a strong French state was greatly advanced by King ______________________. who ruled from 1461 to 1483. Known by many as spider because of his devious ways, he strengthened the use of tallie an annual direct tax usually on land or property- as a permanent tax imposed by royal authority. This gave him a regular source of income.

carruca

a heavy wheeled plowed with an iron plow share. easily turned over clay soil. six to eight oxen were needed to pull it.the new horse collar and horse shoes made the job faster.

Taille

an annual direct tax usually on land or property- as a permeant tax imposed by royal authority.

Gothic architecture

appeared in the 12th century. Three basic innovations made these cathedral possible. one innovation was the replacement of the round barrel valuts and pointed arches. This change enabled builders to make these churches higher than Romanesque churches. The use of points arches and ribbed vaults also creates an impression of upward movement, as if the building is reaching to God. Another technical innovation was the flying buttress- a heavy, arched support of stone built onto the outside of the walls. Flying buttresses made it possible to distribute the weight of the church's vaulted ceilings outward and down. This eliminated the heavy walls needed in Romanesque churches to hold the weight of the massive barrel vaults.These cathedrals were built with relatively thin walls. since they were not supporting great weight, these walls could be filled with stained glass windows.

Black death or Bubonic Plague

it was spread by black rats infested with fleas carrying a deadly bacterium. Italian merchants brought the plague with them from Kaffa on the back sea, to the island of sicily in October 1347. the Plague spread through paths of trade routes.out of the total European population of 75 million, possibly 1/3 of the population died of the plague between 1347 to 1351.

guild system

or business associations. By the 1200s there were theses for almost every craft (tanners,bakers) and separate these for specialized groups of merchants, such as dealers in silk, spices, or wool. Craft __________ directed almost every aspect of the production process. They set the standards for the quality of the articles produced, specified the methods of production to be used, and even fixed the price at which the finished goods could be sold. These also determined the number of people who could enter a specific trade and the procedure they must follow to do so. A person who wanted to learn a trade first became an apprentice, usually around the age 10, to a master craftsperson. Apprentices were not paid, but they did receive room and board from their masters. After five to seven years of service during which they learned their craft, apprentices became journeymen and worked for wages for other masters. Journeymen aspired to become masters as well. To do so, they were expected to produce a masterpiece, a finished piece in their craft. This piece allowed the master craftspeople of the guild to judge whether a journeyman was qualified to become a master and join the guild.