Chapter 10 Intelligence

Monozygotic twins share _____ of their genes, while dizygotic twins share _____. about 50 percent; about 50 percent about 50 percent; 100 percent 100 percent; about 25 percent 100 percent; about 50 percent

100 percent; about 50 percent

A 4-year-old child with the mental age of 5 has a ratio IQ of: 80. 100. 110. 125.

125.

Most people have IQs between: 40 and 100. 85 and 115. 100 and 130 100 and 160.

85 and 115.

Jermaine received the highest score on a term paper in his English class. The two-factor theory of intelligence would predict that: Jermaine has little musical ability. Jermaine does well in science class. Jermaine cheats on exams. Jermaine performs poorly in math and science.

Jermaine does well in science class. Jermaine cheats on exams.

Studies show that if students are asked to list their ethnicities prior to taking an intelligence measure, _____ students will score _____ compared to European Americans. Asian American; poorer Latino; poorer African American; poorer African American; better

African American; poorer

In the early 1900s, two researchers named ________ developed the first recognized test of intelligence in order to identify schoolchildren in need of educational assistance. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon Howard Gardener and Minuet Demaire William Stern and Louis Thurstone David Wechsler and Charles Spearman

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon

Which psychologist proposed the existence of a general intelligence, or g? Alfred Binet Charles Spearman Louis Thurstone William Stern

Charles Spearman

The two MOST common causes of intellectual disability are fetal alcohol syndrome and: Klinefelter syndrome. phenylketonuria. neurocognitive disorder due to Lewy bodies. Down syndrome.

Down syndrome.

You ask four friends about what they think about differences in group intelligence scores. Of the opinions listed below, which is LEAST consistent with the evidence presented in the text? Group intelligence differences are due to genetics. Group intelligence differences are due to testing biases. Group intelligence differences are due to socioeconomic status differences. Group intelligence differences are due to differences in educational level.

Group intelligence differences are due to genetics.

You are looking to hire a new employee for your business. What would be the BEST predictor of the candidate's future job performance? IQ score personal interview educational background gender

IQ score

_____ is a mental ability that enables people to direct their thinking, adapt to their circumstances, and learn from their experiences. Cognition Language Perception Intelligence

Intelligence

Yonas, 17, and Jasmin, 19, are biological siblings who have grown up together. Their IQ scores are only 3 points different at 103 and 106, respectively. Does this prove that intelligence is genetically determined? Yes, because they share all of the same genes. Yes, because they share about half of the same genes. No, because the similar scores may be a result of shared environment and experiences. No, because they must be fraternal twins to make the claim for genetics.

No, because the similar scores may be a result of shared environment and experiences.

Consider a typical family of three children. Does birth order have an impact on their intelligence? Yes, the oldest child will be most intelligent. Yes, the middle child will be the most intelligent. Yes, the youngest child will be the most intelligent. Research has found no discernible effect.

Research has found no discernible effect.

sychologist ________ has argued that there are only three true kinds of intelligence, and just one of those is measured by standard intelligence tests. Wilhelm Steckel Robert Sternberg Howard Gardner Peter Salovey

Robert Sternberg

_____ is one of the best predictors of an individual's intelligence. Socioeconomic status Ethnicity Religion Race

Socioeconomic status

If you are comparing two countries on the basis of economic status and overall IQ of the citizens, what would you expect to be true? There should be no relationship between these variables. The more wealthy country should have a higher mean IQ. The less wealthy country should have a higher mean IQ. It depends on the countries.

The more wealthy country should have a higher mean IQ.

Psychologists often find group differences when comparing the average IQ score for one ethnic group versus another. What is the MOST likely cause for most of these group differences? Some ethnic groups are actually more intelligent than others. Modern intelligence test questions are culturally biased. The situation in which intelligence tests are given can be biased. Certain groups have increased their intelligence while other groups have experienced a decrease in intelligence during the same time period.

The situation in which intelligence tests are given can be biased.

Which statement illustrates the effect of environment on intelligence? Identical twins reared apart are more similar than fraternal twins reared together. Biological siblings reared together are more similar than nonbiological siblings reared together. Unrelated siblings reared together are more similar than related siblings reared apart. Identical twins reared apart are more similar than biological siblings reared apart.

Unrelated siblings reared together are more similar than related siblings reared apart.

Research has shown that, on average, _____ perform better than _____ who perform better than _____ on intelligence tests. Whites; Latinos; African Americans African Americans; Whites; Latinos Whites; African Americans; Latinos Latinos; African Americans; Whites

Whites; Latinos; African Americans

Which statement is false? Women routinely outscore men on tests of spatial memory. Whites routinely outscore Latinos on intelligence tests. Men routinely outscore women in abstract mathematical domains. Latinos routinely outscore African Americans on intelligence tests.

Women routinely outscore men on tests of spatial memory.

Is one gender better than the other at estimating another person's intelligence just by looking at the person? Yes, men are better estimators. Yes, women are better estimators. No, both men and women are good estimators. No, both men and women are poor estimators.

Yes, women are better estimators.

Simon and Binet developed their early IQ test as: a measure of the contents of intelligence. a measure of a child's aptitude for learning. a justification for racism and xenophobia. a measure of academic achievement.

a measure of a child's aptitude for learning.

In the _____ subtest of the WAIS-IV, the test taker is shown two-dimensional patterns made up of red and white squares and triangles. He or she has to reproduce these patterns using cubes with red and white faces. picture completion digit span similarities block design

block design

An Asian American student is asked to report her ethnicity at the top of a mathematics test. Doing this will very likely: boost her performance on the test. hinder her performance on the test. have no effect on her test performance. negatively impact her abstract mathematical reasoning but not performance on arithmetic problems.

boost her performance on the test.

Bias in intelligence testing occurs in: the test items only. the testing situation only. both in the test items and the testing situation. neither in the test items nor the testing situation.

both in the test items and the testing situation.

Binet and Simon designed their intelligence test to identify: low-scoring immigrants entering the United States. low-scoring immigrants entering into France. children who needed additional instruction in school. the academically gifted.

children who needed additional instruction in school.

The original purpose of an intelligence quotient was to identify: low-scoring immigrants. children who needed additional instruction. low-scoring immigrants and identify children who needed additional instruction. the academically gifted.

children who needed additional instruction.

Drugs such as Ritalin and Adderall can be considered: intelligence enhancers. cognitive enhancers. emotional enhancers. intelligence reducers.

cognitive enhancers.

A general definition of intelligence includes the mental ability to do all of these EXCEPT: direct one's thinking. adapt to one's circumstances. learn from one's experiences. correctly use one's intuition.

correctly use one's intuition.

Parker has a test today on the world capitals for his geography class. This test assesses: crystallized intelligence. fluid intelligence. both crystallized and fluid intelligence. spatial and mathematical intelligence.

crystallized intelligence.

The _____ is a statistical measure that indicates how much people's IQ scores differ due to differences in their genetics. g factor deviation IQ heritability coefficient ratio IQ

heritability coefficient

Dr. Sosa is a researcher who looks at performance on intelligence tests and then evaluates how these responses conceptually hang together. She is taking a _____ approach to intelligence. top-down bottom-up theory based data-based

data-based

Although the _____ does not change with a person's age, you cannot draw valid comparisons across age groups. ratio IQ duration IQ deviation IQ mental age

deviation IQ

Research has shown that people who have higher IQ scores are likely to: have conservative political views. be highly religious. have children. earn higher salaries.

earn higher salaries.

People with high _____ have better romantic relationships, are happier, and more satisfied with their lives. emotional intelligence two-factor intelligence fluid intelligence crystallized intelligence

emotional intelligence

Compared with moderately intelligent children, gifted children are ____ successful. much more somewhat more somewhat less equally as

equally as

The Flynn Effect is most likely NOT caused by improved: nutrition. parenting. education. exercise.

exercise.

Factor analysis is a useful tool for determining intelligence because it: provides a simple statistical technique to identify the underlying factor behind intelligence. explains only one correlation involving intelligence. allows researchers to determine the two factors that underlie intelligence. explains a large number of correlations based on common factors.

explains a large number of correlations based on common factors.

People are reasonably good at estimating another person's intelligence just by looking at that person. What cue is the MOST reliable in determining intelligence in this way? physical features behavior eye gaze involuntary gestures

eye gaze

Intelligence scores are excellent predictors of people's: marital status. financial income. geographical living arrangements. driving ability.

financial income.

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale is designed to assess an adult's ability to do all EXCEPT: recall general knowledge. identify similarities and differences. find a way through complex mazes. draw inferences.

find a way through complex mazes.

When you are attempting to solve an abstract word problem you have never seen before and are given three minutes to find the solution, you will probably rely more on your: crystallized intelligence. fluid intelligence. spatial intelligence. nonverbal intelligence.

fluid intelligence.

In intelligence research, what does g stand for? geospatial intelligence general ability geographical intelligence growth potential

general ability

What are the two factors proposed in the two-factor theory? verbal and motor intelligence general ability and task-specific skills verbal and mathematical intelligence spatial and mathematical intelligence

general ability and task-specific skills

From top to bottom, the three-level hierarchy of mental abilities moves from: general to specific. data-based to theory-based. fluid to crystallized. creative to practical.

general to specific.

Evidence from identical twin studies suggests that: intelligence is 100 percent genetic because the IQ scores are perfectly correlated, no matter if the children were raised together or apart. genes play a significant role in determining intelligence, with high correlations whether raised together or apart. environmental influences significantly outweigh genetic influences on intelligence. there is no difference between environmental and genetic influences on intelligence.

genes play a significant role in determining intelligence, with high correlations whether raised together or apart.

What type of traits are in the middle level of the hierarchy of abilities? general intelligence specific abilities procedural skills group factors

group factors

On average, children with birthdays during the early part of the calendar year have _____ intelligence test scores compared to children with late birthdays in the later months of the same year. lower higher similar minimally higher

higher

According to the Flynn Effect, your IQ score is likely _____ someone's IQ score from a century ago. lower than the same as higher than incomparable to

higher than

The amount of formal education a person receives is _____ correlated with his or her intelligence. highly slightly not insignificantly

highly

When taking stimulants like Ritalin, working memory is: slightly impaired. strongly impaired. unaffected. improved.

improved.

Intelligence changes _____ over time. in some domains more than others as a single whole factor very little drastically

in some domains more than others

When studying siblings to determine the environmental factors that influence _____, it is important to consider the shared and nonshared environments experienced by all relevant siblings. intelligence the g factor heritability deviation

intelligence

The average difference in intelligence between groups is ____ the average difference within those groups. much greater than somewhat greater than the same as less than

less than

In the _____ subtest of the WAIS-IV, the test taker is asked to add a missing element to a pattern so that it progresses logically. matrix reasoning vocabulary comprehension arithmetic

matrix reasoning

Stern took the work of Simon and Binet and used the term _____ as a determinant of whether children were developing normally. aptitude achievement mental age chronological age

mental age

Genetic manipulation has been used to increase intelligence in: rats. monkeys. human. mice.

mice.

Siblings who are 8 years apart in age may have a greater _____ than siblings who are 2 years apart. shared environment nonshared environment genetic concordance heritability coefficient

nonshared environment

Scientists have _____ the role of genes in producing between-group differences. firm conclusions about not yet determined expressed great skepticism about proved conclusively

not yet determined

If Deanna thinks that multiplication and division problems are fun, since she's so good at them, which intelligence factor identified by Thurstone might she score highly on? reasoning perceptual speed numerical ability associative memory

numerical ability

Nick works at a holiday shop wrapping gifts all day. Nick has developed complex ways of combining previous cut scraps of wrapping paper for future use. This best illustrates _____ intelligence. analytical inductive practical emotional

practical

Thurstone proposed that there are a few stable and independent mental abilities that he referred to as: primary mental abilities. fluid mental abilities. general mental abilities. performance mental abilities.

primary mental abilities.

The _____ is obtained by dividing a person's mental age by the person's physical age and then multiplying the quotient by 100. ratio IQ deviation IQ standardized score achievement score

ratio IQ

In order to compare IQ scores of people of different ages, researchers compute the _____ for children and the _____ for adults. ratio IQ; Stanford-Binet ratio IQ; deviation IQ deviation IQ; ratio IQ deviation IQ; WAIS-III

ratio IQ; deviation IQ

Over your lifetime your _____ stays stable, whereas your _____ typically changes. group intelligence; relative intelligence. absolute intelligence; relative intelligence individual intelligence; absolute intelligence relative intelligence; absolute intelligence

relative intelligence; absolute intelligence

The hypothesis that intelligence is a unitary factor dependent on a single general ability (g), is: still supported today. completely ignored by modern research. somewhat true, since intelligence is determined by an overall g factor and various subfactors. still useful for many psychologists.

somewhat true, since intelligence is determined by an overall g factor and various subfactors.

Women do NOT usually outscore men on tests that measure: semantic information. comprehension of prose. fine motor skills. spatial relationships.

spatial relationships.

If you are very good at visualizing a complex shape in a variety of different views, which intelligence factor identified by Thurstone might you score highly on? spatial visualization perceptual speed associative memory numerical ability

spatial visualization

What is the MOST likely cause of group differences between average IQ scores among African American and white children in America? the genetic background of the two groups the similarity of the environmental experiences between the two groups the average disparity of socioeconomic status between the two groups the dissimilarity of educational experiences between the two groups.

the average disparity of socioeconomic status between the two groups

The deviation IQ divides an individual's score by _____, which allows for a more efficient measure of IQ among different age groups. the average test score of people in the same age group the average test score of people in different age groups that person's physical age that person's mental age

the average test score of people in the same age group

One view of culture and intelligence is that every culture values problem solving as a component of intelligence. It is _____ that distinguishes cultures. the kind of problem deemed important educational importance the age of the problem solver language

the kind of problem deemed important

Genes directly determine: a person's behavior. biological characteristics such as a person's exact height and weight. environmental influences a person experiences. the range of possible reactions to the particular environments a person experiences.

the range of possible reactions to the particular environments a person experiences.

What theory of intelligence did Spearman (1904) propose as a result of his research with school-age children? the fluid intelligence theory the crystallized intelligence theory the two-factor theory the bottom-up approach

the two-factor theory

The data-based approach to intelligence suggests that: there is one factor associated with intelligence. there are 8 mid-level abilities contributing to intelligence. there are too many contributing factors to determine the underlying basis of intelligence. intelligence tests do not measure all the mid-level abilities contributing to intelligence.

there are 8 mid-level abilities contributing to intelligence.

It is important to distinguish between shared and unshared environments when determining what type of experiences contribute to intelligence because: environmental factors have more influence on intelligence than genes. genes have more influence on intelligence than environment. two people who live together will have some but not all experiences in common. genes and environment contribute equally to intelligence.

two people who live together will have some but not all experiences in common.

Which action is LEAST likely to influence a person's IQ test performance? writing one's ethnicity on the test writing one's race on the test writing one's gender on the test writing one's name on the test

writing one's name on the test