Chapter 10: Personality - Exam #4

W.T. Norman

g. 374 The five - factor model.

reinforcement sensitivity theory

he posited that two neurological systems - the behaviors activation system and the behavior inhibition system - could be viewed as underlying personality. these systems explain differences in an organisms attention to rewards and punishers in the environment. Pg. 389

social desirability

individuals say what they think the researcher wants to hear or what they think will make them look better.

psychobiography

is a means of inquiry in which the personality psychologist attempts to apply a personality theory to a single persons life. Pg. 382

subjective well-being

is a person's assessment of his or her own level of positive affect relative to negative affect, and the individuals evaluation of his or her life in general. Pg. 377

intimacy motivation

is an enduring concern for warm interpersonal encounters for their own sake. it is revealed in the warm, positive interpersonal imagery in the stories people tell. Pg. 381

openness to experience

is related to liberal studies, open- mindedness, tolerance, and creativity. They have superior cognitive functioning and a high IQ along the lifespan. They dress distinctively, pursue entrepreneurial goals and interact with others through social media. They live longer too. Pg. 375

self - efficacy

is the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task. It is linked with successful job interviewing, job performance, and achievement in a creative profession. Pg. 384 Bandura believed in this.

anal stage (18 to 36 months)

Pg. 366

genital stage (adolescence and adulthood)

Pg. 366

latency period (6 years to puberty)

Pg. 366

oral stage (first 18 months)

Pg. 366

Phallic stage (3 to 6 years)

Pg. 366 This stage includes the Oedipus complex.

Jung's analytical theory

Pg. 368

Evaluating they psychodynamic perspectives

Pg. 369

10.2 - Humanistic Perspectives

Pg. 370

Maslow's Approach

Pg. 370

Carl Roger's Approach

Pg. 371 Personal growth and self - determination. He believed that the person must reconnect with his or her true feelings and desires. TO achieve this, the individual must experience a relationship that includes three essential qualities: unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness. Pg. 372 for more detail on these three qualities.

Evaluating the humanistic perspectives

Pg. 372

10.3 -Trait Perspectives

Pg. 373 Trait perspective personality have been the dominant approach for the past three decades.

cross - cultural studies on the big five

Pg. 376

David Watson

Pg. 377

10.4 - Personological and Life Story Perspectives

Pg. 380

Henry Murray

Pg. 380 He coined the word personology. He developed the thematic apperception test.

David Winter

Pg. 381

Dan McAdams

Pg. 381 He developed the life story approach. His works centers on the idea that each of us has a unique life story, full of ups and downs.

10.5 - Social Cognitive Perspectives

Pg. 383

observational learning and how it shapes personality

Pg. 384

Mischels Critique of consistency

Pg. 385

10.6 - Biological Perspectives

Pg. 387 "No brain, no personality"

Eysenck's reticular activation system theory

Pg. 388

Personality and the brain

Pg. 388

Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory

Pg. 389

The Role of Neurotransmitters

Pg. 389

10.7 - Personality Assessment

Pg. 391

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

is the most widely used and researched empirically keyed self-report personality test. Pg. 393

behavioral genetics

is the study of the inherited underpinnings of behavioral characteristics. Pg. 390

sublimation

it is a special form of displacement in which the person expresses an unconscious wish in a socially valued way, such as a boxer who sublimates his aggressive drive in the ring.

displacement

means directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target.

social cognitive perspectives

on personality emphasize conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals. While incorporating principles from behaviorism. they explore the persons ability to reason, to think about the past, present, and future; and to reflect on the self. They are not interested in broad traits. Pg. 383

self concept

our conscious representation of who we are and who we wish to become, during childhood. Pg. 372

face validity

the extent to which a test item appears to fit the particular trait it is measuring.

pleasure principle

the id always seeks pleasure.

situationism

the idea that personality and behavior often vary considerably from one context to another. Pg. 385 Mischel believed in this.

penis envy

the intense desire to obtain a penis by eventually marrying and bearing a son.

denial

the most primitive defense mechanism is denial, in which the ego simply refuses to acknowledge anxiety - producing realities.

id

the part of the person that Freud called the "it," consisting of unconscious drives; the individuals reservoir of sexual energy. The id is a poop of amoral and often vile urges pressing for expression. The id has no contact with reality. It works according to the pleasure principle - the id always seeks pleasure.

ego

the structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality. the ego abides by the reality principle - it tries to bring the individual pleasure within the norms of society. The ego helps us to test reality, to see how far we can go without getting into trouble and hurting ourselves. Whereas the id is completely unconscious, the ego is partly conscious. It houses our mental functions - reasoning, problem solving, and decision making. It acts as a mediator between the other two.

psychodynamic perspectives

theoretical views emphasizing that personality is primarily unconscious.

erogenous zones

these are parts of the body that have especially strong pleasure - giving qualities at particular stages of development. For Freud, they were the mouth, the anus, and then the genitals - and the demands of reality.

conditions of worth

these are the standards we must live up to in order to receive positive regard from others.

extraversion

these people are more likely than others to engage in social activities, experience gratitude, and show a strong sense of meaning in life. They are more forgiving, smiling, dress stylishly, and stand energetically. Pg. 375

personological and life story perspectives

these stress that the way to understand the person is to focus on his or her life history and life story - aspects that distinguish the individual from everyone else. Pg. 380

archetypes

they are emotionally laden ideas and images that have rich and symbolic meaning for all people. Pg. 368 Two common archetypes are anima and animus. Jung believed each of us has a passive feminine side - the anima - and an assertive masculine side - the animus. Another archetype was persona. this represents the publics mask that we all wear during social interactions.

compensation

this is Adler's term for the individuals attempt to overcome imagined or real inferiorities or weaknesses by developing ones own abilities.

collective unconscious

this is Jung's name for the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all human beings because of their common ancestral past. Pg. 368

Oedipus complex

this is the boys intense desire to replace his father and enjoy the affections of his mother. This leads to castration anxiety.

castration anxiety

this leads to the boys intense fear of being mutilated by his father.

Fixation

this occurs when a particular psychosexual stage colors an individuals adult personality.

repression

tis is the most powerful and pervasive defense mechanism. repression pushes unacceptable id impulses back into the unconscious mind. repression is the foundation for all of the psychological defense mechanisms.

personology

to refer to the study of the whole person.

traits

traits are enduring characteristics, they represent the way you generally are. Pg. 378

unconditional positive regard

Roger's term for being accepted, valued, and treated positively regardless of ones behavior.

Horney's sociocultural approach

She rejected the classical psychoanalytic concept that anatomy is destiny. Pg. 368

factor analysis

allowed researchers to identify which traits go together in terms of how they are rated. it tells us what item on a scale people are responding to as if they mean the same thing.

states

are briefer experiences depending on your mood. Pg. 378

internal locus of control

behavior control as coming from inside the person is this.

external locus of control

behavior control as coming from outside the person is this.

self-report test

directly asks people whether specific items describe their personality traits. Pg. 392

CAPS Theory

(cognitive affective processing systems) Pg. 386

reciprocal determinism

Bandura came up with this. To describe the way behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors interact to create personality. Pg. 383

Bandura's social cognitive theory

Behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors are all important in understanding personality. Pg. 383

Gordon Allport

Father of American personality psychology. Pg. 373 He rejected the notion that the unconscious was central to an understanding of personality. Hu believed that to understand healthy people, we must focus on their lives in the present, not on their childhood experiences. The crucial unit for understanding a persons personality is the trait. Behavior should be consistent along all different situations.

big five factors of personality

Founded by Norman. the broad traits that are thought to describe the main dimensions of personality - are neuroticism (which refers to the tendency to worry and experience negative emotions), extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Pg. 375

overdetermined

Freud believed that hysterical symptoms were overdetermined. That is, they had many causes in the unconscious.

Psychoanalysis

Freud developed this, his approach to personality, through his work with patients suffering from hysteria.

unconscious

From the psychodynamic perspectives, aspects of our personality are unconscious because they must be; this lack of awareness is motivated.

Mischel's contributions Pg. 384

He critiqued the idea of consistency with behavior and he proposed the CAPS model, a new way of thinking about personality. He concluded that there was no evidence for cross situational consistency.

Hans Eysenck

He developed an approach to extraversion/introversion based on the reticular activation system. the reticular formation is located in the brain stem and plays the role in wakefulness and arousal.

life story approach

His works centers on the idea that each of us has a unique life story, full of ups and downs. Pg. 381

Alfred Adler

Individual psychology. Pg. 368.

superego

It considers whether something is right or wrong. the Freudian structure of personality that serves as the harsh internal judge of our behavior; what we often call conscious. It does not consider reality, it considers only whether the id's impulses can be satisfied in acceptable moral terms.

empirically keyed test

a type of self report test that is created by first identifying two groups that are known to be different. Pg. 392

lexical approach

This approach reflects the idea that if a trait is important to people in real life, it ought to be represented in the natural language people use to talk to one another. f the trait is important, it should be represented by a single word. Pg. 374

conscientiousness

This is linked to high school and college students grade point average. Also linked to better friendships, higher levels of religious faith, and a forgiving attitude. They dress neatly, and have entrepreneurial success. Low levels of this increase levels of criminal behavior, substance abuse, and pathological gambling. Pg. 376

projection

a defense mechanism in which we see in others those impulses that we most fear or despise in ourselves.

Rorschach inkblot test

a famous projective test that uses an individuals perception of inkblots to determine his or her personality. Pg. 394

10.1 - Psychodynamic Perspectives: personality

a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.

content analysis

a procedure in which a psychologist takes the persons story and codes it for different images, words, and so forth. Pg. 381

CAPS theory

out thoughts and emotions about ourselves and the world affect our behavior and become linked in ways that matter to behavior. It is concerned with how personality works, not with what it is. this theory focuses on how people behave in different situations and how they uniquely interpret situational features. Pg. 386

individual psychology

people are motivated by purposes and goals - thus, perfection, not pleasure, is their key motivator.

trait theories

personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions (traits) that tend to lead to characteristic responses. People who have a strong tendency to behave in certain ways are referred to as "high" on traits; those with a weak tendency to behave in these ways are "low" on the traits. Traits are the building blocks of personality.

projective test

presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and asks them to describe it or to tell a story about it - to project their own meaning onto the stimulus. It allows individuals to interpret it based on their feelings, desires, needs, and attitudes. Pg. 393

delay of gratification

putting off a pleasurable experience in the interest of some larger but later reward. Mischel believed this.

hysteria

refers to physical symptoms that have no physical cause.

neuroticism

related to feeling negative emotion more often than positive emotion in ones daily life and to experience more lingering negative states. It is linked to coronary heart disease risk and these types of people usually suffer in silence. Pg. 375

agreeableness

related to generosity and altruism, to reports of religious faith, and to more satisfying romantic relationships. They view others positively and they are low on lying about themselves. Pg. 375

personal control

social cognitive theorists emphasize that we can regulate and control our own behavior despite our changing environment. Pg. 384 Bandura believed in this.

humanistic perspectives

stress a persons capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities. These humanistic psychologist believe that we all have the ability to control our lives and to achieve what we desire.

defense mechanisms 364

tactics the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.