Chapter 10: Personality - Exam #4
W.T. Norman
g. 374 The five - factor model.
reinforcement sensitivity theory
he posited that two neurological systems - the behaviors activation system and the behavior inhibition system - could be viewed as underlying personality. these systems explain differences in an organisms attention to rewards and punishers in the environment. Pg. 389
social desirability
individuals say what they think the researcher wants to hear or what they think will make them look better.
psychobiography
is a means of inquiry in which the personality psychologist attempts to apply a personality theory to a single persons life. Pg. 382
subjective well-being
is a person's assessment of his or her own level of positive affect relative to negative affect, and the individuals evaluation of his or her life in general. Pg. 377
intimacy motivation
is an enduring concern for warm interpersonal encounters for their own sake. it is revealed in the warm, positive interpersonal imagery in the stories people tell. Pg. 381
openness to experience
is related to liberal studies, open- mindedness, tolerance, and creativity. They have superior cognitive functioning and a high IQ along the lifespan. They dress distinctively, pursue entrepreneurial goals and interact with others through social media. They live longer too. Pg. 375
self - efficacy
is the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task. It is linked with successful job interviewing, job performance, and achievement in a creative profession. Pg. 384 Bandura believed in this.
anal stage (18 to 36 months)
Pg. 366
genital stage (adolescence and adulthood)
Pg. 366
latency period (6 years to puberty)
Pg. 366
oral stage (first 18 months)
Pg. 366
Phallic stage (3 to 6 years)
Pg. 366 This stage includes the Oedipus complex.
Jung's analytical theory
Pg. 368
Evaluating they psychodynamic perspectives
Pg. 369
10.2 - Humanistic Perspectives
Pg. 370
Maslow's Approach
Pg. 370
Carl Roger's Approach
Pg. 371 Personal growth and self - determination. He believed that the person must reconnect with his or her true feelings and desires. TO achieve this, the individual must experience a relationship that includes three essential qualities: unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness. Pg. 372 for more detail on these three qualities.
Evaluating the humanistic perspectives
Pg. 372
10.3 -Trait Perspectives
Pg. 373 Trait perspective personality have been the dominant approach for the past three decades.
cross - cultural studies on the big five
Pg. 376
David Watson
Pg. 377
10.4 - Personological and Life Story Perspectives
Pg. 380
Henry Murray
Pg. 380 He coined the word personology. He developed the thematic apperception test.
David Winter
Pg. 381
Dan McAdams
Pg. 381 He developed the life story approach. His works centers on the idea that each of us has a unique life story, full of ups and downs.
10.5 - Social Cognitive Perspectives
Pg. 383
observational learning and how it shapes personality
Pg. 384
Mischels Critique of consistency
Pg. 385
10.6 - Biological Perspectives
Pg. 387 "No brain, no personality"
Eysenck's reticular activation system theory
Pg. 388
Personality and the brain
Pg. 388
Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory
Pg. 389
The Role of Neurotransmitters
Pg. 389
10.7 - Personality Assessment
Pg. 391
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
is the most widely used and researched empirically keyed self-report personality test. Pg. 393
behavioral genetics
is the study of the inherited underpinnings of behavioral characteristics. Pg. 390
sublimation
it is a special form of displacement in which the person expresses an unconscious wish in a socially valued way, such as a boxer who sublimates his aggressive drive in the ring.
displacement
means directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target.
social cognitive perspectives
on personality emphasize conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals. While incorporating principles from behaviorism. they explore the persons ability to reason, to think about the past, present, and future; and to reflect on the self. They are not interested in broad traits. Pg. 383
self concept
our conscious representation of who we are and who we wish to become, during childhood. Pg. 372
face validity
the extent to which a test item appears to fit the particular trait it is measuring.
pleasure principle
the id always seeks pleasure.
situationism
the idea that personality and behavior often vary considerably from one context to another. Pg. 385 Mischel believed in this.
penis envy
the intense desire to obtain a penis by eventually marrying and bearing a son.
denial
the most primitive defense mechanism is denial, in which the ego simply refuses to acknowledge anxiety - producing realities.
id
the part of the person that Freud called the "it," consisting of unconscious drives; the individuals reservoir of sexual energy. The id is a poop of amoral and often vile urges pressing for expression. The id has no contact with reality. It works according to the pleasure principle - the id always seeks pleasure.
ego
the structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality. the ego abides by the reality principle - it tries to bring the individual pleasure within the norms of society. The ego helps us to test reality, to see how far we can go without getting into trouble and hurting ourselves. Whereas the id is completely unconscious, the ego is partly conscious. It houses our mental functions - reasoning, problem solving, and decision making. It acts as a mediator between the other two.
psychodynamic perspectives
theoretical views emphasizing that personality is primarily unconscious.
erogenous zones
these are parts of the body that have especially strong pleasure - giving qualities at particular stages of development. For Freud, they were the mouth, the anus, and then the genitals - and the demands of reality.
conditions of worth
these are the standards we must live up to in order to receive positive regard from others.
extraversion
these people are more likely than others to engage in social activities, experience gratitude, and show a strong sense of meaning in life. They are more forgiving, smiling, dress stylishly, and stand energetically. Pg. 375
personological and life story perspectives
these stress that the way to understand the person is to focus on his or her life history and life story - aspects that distinguish the individual from everyone else. Pg. 380
archetypes
they are emotionally laden ideas and images that have rich and symbolic meaning for all people. Pg. 368 Two common archetypes are anima and animus. Jung believed each of us has a passive feminine side - the anima - and an assertive masculine side - the animus. Another archetype was persona. this represents the publics mask that we all wear during social interactions.
compensation
this is Adler's term for the individuals attempt to overcome imagined or real inferiorities or weaknesses by developing ones own abilities.
collective unconscious
this is Jung's name for the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all human beings because of their common ancestral past. Pg. 368
Oedipus complex
this is the boys intense desire to replace his father and enjoy the affections of his mother. This leads to castration anxiety.
castration anxiety
this leads to the boys intense fear of being mutilated by his father.
Fixation
this occurs when a particular psychosexual stage colors an individuals adult personality.
repression
tis is the most powerful and pervasive defense mechanism. repression pushes unacceptable id impulses back into the unconscious mind. repression is the foundation for all of the psychological defense mechanisms.
personology
to refer to the study of the whole person.
traits
traits are enduring characteristics, they represent the way you generally are. Pg. 378
unconditional positive regard
Roger's term for being accepted, valued, and treated positively regardless of ones behavior.
Horney's sociocultural approach
She rejected the classical psychoanalytic concept that anatomy is destiny. Pg. 368
factor analysis
allowed researchers to identify which traits go together in terms of how they are rated. it tells us what item on a scale people are responding to as if they mean the same thing.
states
are briefer experiences depending on your mood. Pg. 378
internal locus of control
behavior control as coming from inside the person is this.
external locus of control
behavior control as coming from outside the person is this.
self-report test
directly asks people whether specific items describe their personality traits. Pg. 392
CAPS Theory
(cognitive affective processing systems) Pg. 386
reciprocal determinism
Bandura came up with this. To describe the way behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors interact to create personality. Pg. 383
Bandura's social cognitive theory
Behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors are all important in understanding personality. Pg. 383
Gordon Allport
Father of American personality psychology. Pg. 373 He rejected the notion that the unconscious was central to an understanding of personality. Hu believed that to understand healthy people, we must focus on their lives in the present, not on their childhood experiences. The crucial unit for understanding a persons personality is the trait. Behavior should be consistent along all different situations.
big five factors of personality
Founded by Norman. the broad traits that are thought to describe the main dimensions of personality - are neuroticism (which refers to the tendency to worry and experience negative emotions), extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Pg. 375
overdetermined
Freud believed that hysterical symptoms were overdetermined. That is, they had many causes in the unconscious.
Psychoanalysis
Freud developed this, his approach to personality, through his work with patients suffering from hysteria.
unconscious
From the psychodynamic perspectives, aspects of our personality are unconscious because they must be; this lack of awareness is motivated.
Mischel's contributions Pg. 384
He critiqued the idea of consistency with behavior and he proposed the CAPS model, a new way of thinking about personality. He concluded that there was no evidence for cross situational consistency.
Hans Eysenck
He developed an approach to extraversion/introversion based on the reticular activation system. the reticular formation is located in the brain stem and plays the role in wakefulness and arousal.
life story approach
His works centers on the idea that each of us has a unique life story, full of ups and downs. Pg. 381
Alfred Adler
Individual psychology. Pg. 368.
superego
It considers whether something is right or wrong. the Freudian structure of personality that serves as the harsh internal judge of our behavior; what we often call conscious. It does not consider reality, it considers only whether the id's impulses can be satisfied in acceptable moral terms.
empirically keyed test
a type of self report test that is created by first identifying two groups that are known to be different. Pg. 392
lexical approach
This approach reflects the idea that if a trait is important to people in real life, it ought to be represented in the natural language people use to talk to one another. f the trait is important, it should be represented by a single word. Pg. 374
conscientiousness
This is linked to high school and college students grade point average. Also linked to better friendships, higher levels of religious faith, and a forgiving attitude. They dress neatly, and have entrepreneurial success. Low levels of this increase levels of criminal behavior, substance abuse, and pathological gambling. Pg. 376
projection
a defense mechanism in which we see in others those impulses that we most fear or despise in ourselves.
Rorschach inkblot test
a famous projective test that uses an individuals perception of inkblots to determine his or her personality. Pg. 394
10.1 - Psychodynamic Perspectives: personality
a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.
content analysis
a procedure in which a psychologist takes the persons story and codes it for different images, words, and so forth. Pg. 381
CAPS theory
out thoughts and emotions about ourselves and the world affect our behavior and become linked in ways that matter to behavior. It is concerned with how personality works, not with what it is. this theory focuses on how people behave in different situations and how they uniquely interpret situational features. Pg. 386
individual psychology
people are motivated by purposes and goals - thus, perfection, not pleasure, is their key motivator.
trait theories
personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions (traits) that tend to lead to characteristic responses. People who have a strong tendency to behave in certain ways are referred to as "high" on traits; those with a weak tendency to behave in these ways are "low" on the traits. Traits are the building blocks of personality.
projective test
presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and asks them to describe it or to tell a story about it - to project their own meaning onto the stimulus. It allows individuals to interpret it based on their feelings, desires, needs, and attitudes. Pg. 393
delay of gratification
putting off a pleasurable experience in the interest of some larger but later reward. Mischel believed this.
hysteria
refers to physical symptoms that have no physical cause.
neuroticism
related to feeling negative emotion more often than positive emotion in ones daily life and to experience more lingering negative states. It is linked to coronary heart disease risk and these types of people usually suffer in silence. Pg. 375
agreeableness
related to generosity and altruism, to reports of religious faith, and to more satisfying romantic relationships. They view others positively and they are low on lying about themselves. Pg. 375
personal control
social cognitive theorists emphasize that we can regulate and control our own behavior despite our changing environment. Pg. 384 Bandura believed in this.
humanistic perspectives
stress a persons capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities. These humanistic psychologist believe that we all have the ability to control our lives and to achieve what we desire.
defense mechanisms 364
tactics the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.