Chapter 10-Public Speaking
Standards for language in public speaking
1. Clarity 2. Effectiveness 3. Credibility 4. Rhetorical Techniques 5. Appropriateness
5 sections of language (Ancient Rome)
1. Invention 2. Disposition 3. Style 4. Memory 5. Delivery
Using language as a public speaker
1. Use stipulated definitions 2. Develop Specific Language 3. Personalize your language 4. Develop your vocabulary
Clarity
Abstract vs. concrete -Too abstract: Everyone has a different meaning. -Too concrete: Some may not know the reference.
Connotative
Association, brings to mind
Ethnic identity in public speaking
If necessary to include reference to ethnic identity; be equal and use correct terms.
Most used form of language?
Spoken (oral)
Similies
a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind (specifically using the terms "like" or "as"), used to make a description more emphatic or vivid
Metaphors
a figure of speech that identifies something as being the same as some unrelated thing for rhetorical effect, thus highlighting the similarities between the two
Ethnic Identity
a group an individual identifies with based on a common culture
Stipulated definition
a type of definition in which a new or currently-existing term is given a new specific meaning for the purposes of argument or discussion in a given context
Slang
a type of language that consists of words and phrases that are specific to a subculture or group that others may not understand
Language
any formal system of gestures, signs, sounds, and symbols used or conceived as a means of communicating thought, either through written, enacted, or spoken means
Denotative
dictionary definition
Editorial
expressing opinions or bias
Audience analysis will...
help you to develop language that is clear, vivid, appropriate, credible, and persuasive.
Appropriateness
how persons and groups should be referred to and addressed based on inclusiveness and context
Hyperbole
intentional exaggeration for effect
Euphemism
language devices often used to make something unpleasant sound more tolerable
Effectiveness
language should be a means of inclusion and connection. -Avoid jargon and slang
Literal language
language that does not use comparisons like similes and metaphors
Abstract Language
language that evokes many different visual images in the minds of your audience
Imagery
language that makes the recipient smell, taste, see, hear, and feel a sensation; also known as sensory language
Figurative language
language that uses metaphors and similes to compare things that may not be literally alike
Jargon
language used in a specific field that may or may not be understood by others
Words do not have meaning
meaning resides in the person using it
Cliches
predictable and generally overused expressions; usually similes
Irony
the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect
Antithesis
the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced or parallel words, phrases, or grammatical structures Example: "Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless, and knowledge without integrity is dangerous and dreadful."
Parallelism
the repetition of grammatical structures that correspond in sound, meter, or meaning
Alliteration
the repetition of initial consonant sounds in a sentence or passage
Assonance
the repetition of vowel sounds in a sentence or passage Example: Pie in the sky by and by when you die
Anaphora
the succession of sentences beginning with the same word or group of words