Chapter 10-Public Speaking

Standards for language in public speaking

1. Clarity 2. Effectiveness 3. Credibility 4. Rhetorical Techniques 5. Appropriateness

5 sections of language (Ancient Rome)

1. Invention 2. Disposition 3. Style 4. Memory 5. Delivery

Using language as a public speaker

1. Use stipulated definitions 2. Develop Specific Language 3. Personalize your language 4. Develop your vocabulary

Clarity

Abstract vs. concrete -Too abstract: Everyone has a different meaning. -Too concrete: Some may not know the reference.

Connotative

Association, brings to mind

Ethnic identity in public speaking

If necessary to include reference to ethnic identity; be equal and use correct terms.

Most used form of language?

Spoken (oral)

Similies

a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind (specifically using the terms "like" or "as"), used to make a description more emphatic or vivid

Metaphors

a figure of speech that identifies something as being the same as some unrelated thing for rhetorical effect, thus highlighting the similarities between the two

Ethnic Identity

a group an individual identifies with based on a common culture

Stipulated definition

a type of definition in which a new or currently-existing term is given a new specific meaning for the purposes of argument or discussion in a given context

Slang

a type of language that consists of words and phrases that are specific to a subculture or group that others may not understand

Language

any formal system of gestures, signs, sounds, and symbols used or conceived as a means of communicating thought, either through written, enacted, or spoken means

Denotative

dictionary definition

Editorial

expressing opinions or bias

Audience analysis will...

help you to develop language that is clear, vivid, appropriate, credible, and persuasive.

Appropriateness

how persons and groups should be referred to and addressed based on inclusiveness and context

Hyperbole

intentional exaggeration for effect

Euphemism

language devices often used to make something unpleasant sound more tolerable

Effectiveness

language should be a means of inclusion and connection. -Avoid jargon and slang

Literal language

language that does not use comparisons like similes and metaphors

Abstract Language

language that evokes many different visual images in the minds of your audience

Imagery

language that makes the recipient smell, taste, see, hear, and feel a sensation; also known as sensory language

Figurative language

language that uses metaphors and similes to compare things that may not be literally alike

Jargon

language used in a specific field that may or may not be understood by others

Words do not have meaning

meaning resides in the person using it

Cliches

predictable and generally overused expressions; usually similes

Irony

the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect

Antithesis

the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced or parallel words, phrases, or grammatical structures Example: "Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless, and knowledge without integrity is dangerous and dreadful."

Parallelism

the repetition of grammatical structures that correspond in sound, meter, or meaning

Alliteration

the repetition of initial consonant sounds in a sentence or passage

Assonance

the repetition of vowel sounds in a sentence or passage Example: Pie in the sky by and by when you die

Anaphora

the succession of sentences beginning with the same word or group of words