Chapter 10 respiratory system ; BIO 135: Basic Anatomy/Physiology w/Lab (4226_25ZA); exam #3 review

Arrange the following structures in the order from where air enters the body (at the top) to the terminal location of air in the lungs (at the bottom).

1. nasal cavity 2. pharynx 3. larynx 4. bronchus 5. bronchioles 6. alveoli

About how much air remains in the lungs of an adult human after a very deep exhalation?

1000 ml

Forced inhalation beyond the tidal volume usually adds about how many ml of inhaled air?

2900

What is the frequency of death caused by sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in the United States?

4,000 per year

What is the approximate tidal volume of an average adult human? Multiple choice question.

500 ml

Which of the following describes chronic bronchitis?

Airways are inflamed. There is a loss of cilia and their normal cleansing action. Airways are filled with mucus.

Select all obstructive pulmonary disorders from the list.

Asthma Emphysema Chronic bronchitis

If you hold your breath to the point where it begins to feel uncomfortable, which choice below describes the changes are occurring in your blood?

Blood CO2 level goes up and the blood becomes more acidic.

Select all of the characteristics of pneumonia. Multiple select question.

Can be a bacterial infection Symptoms include high fever and chills. Often preceded by influenza

Select all correct descriptions of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

Child stops breathing Also called crib death Affects about 1,300 infants per year in USA

Select the muscles that contract during inspiration. Multiple select question.

Diaphragm External intercostals

Select all events that are expected to occur when someone hyperventilates.

Dizziness may occur. The blood has fewer hydrogen ions. Breathing becomes inhibited.

Select all correct descriptions of the alveoli of human lungs.

Each alveolar sac is surrounded by blood capillaries. A normal adult has about 300 million alveoli. Alveolar walls are composed of simple squamous epithelium.

Select all correct descriptions of the structure of human lungs.

Each lung lobe is divided into many lobules. Each lung lobule contains many alveoli. Each lung is divided into lobes.

Select all correct descriptions of emphysema.

Elastic recoil of the lungs is reduced. Alveoli are distended and damaged. It is often caused by smoking.

Select the muscles that contract during inspiration.

External intercostals Diaphragm

Select all of the processes for which forced expiration is required. Multiple select question.

Heavy exercise Singing Blowing air into a trumpet

Which of the following are formed during the dissociation of carbonic acid as it occurs in the tissue capillaries?

Hydrogen ions Bicarbonate ions

Which physical processes typically contribute to forced expiration?

Internal intercostal muscles contract. Abdominal organs push upward into the diaphragm.

Which physical processes typically contribute to forced expiration? Multiple select question.

Internal intercostal muscles contract. Abdominal organs push upward into the diaphragm.

Select all of the following that describes expiration.

Internal intercostal muscles pull the ribs inward. Diaphragm relaxes and moves up. Rib cage moves down and in.

What is the function of carbonic anhydrase in respiration?

It catalyzes the breakdown of carbonic acid in red blood cells.

Select all correct statements about the trachea.

Lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium Wall contains smooth muscle Has goblet cells that produce mucus

Which of the following conditions are associated with breathing asbestos particles?

Lung cancer Pulmonary fibrosis

In humans, the respiratory control center is located in which part of the brain?

Medulla oblongata

Select the three parts of the human pharynx.

Nasopharynx Laryngopharynx Oropharynx

Select all components of the upper respiratory tract.

Pharynx Larynx Nasal cavities

The breakdown of carbonic acid to form bicarbonate ions occurs in the Blank______.

RBC

Select all correct descriptions of pleurisy (also called pleuritis).

Results in painful breathing and coughing Often occurs due to a viral or bacterial infection Inflammation of the membranes enclosing the lungs

How does the structure of the alveoli enhance lung function? Multiple choice question.

They increase the surface area for gas exchange.

Select all correct descriptions of the vocal cords.

Vibrate and produce sound Mucosal folds supported by elastic ligaments Located in larynx

Inspiration occurs because Blank______.

a creation of a partial vacuum in the alveoli causes air to enter the lungs

As a jet airplane takes off, passengers may experience a "popping" sound in their ears due to Blank______.

air from the middle ears escaping through the auditory tubes

What are the small air pockets, or sacs, of the lung called?

alveoli

Within the human lung, each bronchiole leads to a number of air pockets called

alveoli

The air pressure inside the middle ears and nasopharynx is usually equal because the two structures are connected by eustachian tubes, which are also called _____ tubes.

auditory

A positive tuberculin skin test indicates that a person has Blank______.

been exposed to it

Carbon dioxide is carried in the bloodstream as a ___ ion

bicarbonate

The aortic and carotid bodies are chemoreceptors that are most directly sensitive to Blank______.

blood pH

Chemical receptors located in the carotid arteries are called the carotid

bodies

In humans, the rhythm of breathing is ultimately controlled by a respiratory control center located in the Blank______. Multiple choice question.

brain

Bronchi subdivide into smaller tubes that are about 1mm in diameter that lead directly to alveoli. These smaller tubes are called Blank______.

bronchioles

The secondary bronchi lead air into passageways of about 1 mm in diameter called

bronchioles

After carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood, most enters the red blood cells, where a small amount is taken up by hemoglobin, forming Blank______.

carbaminohemoglobin

The enzyme in red blood cells that breaks down carbonic acid is called ___ anhydrase

carbonic

The partial pressure of oxygen in the tissue fluid is lower than that of the blood because the tissue cells are using oxygen as a reactant in Blank______.

cellular respiration

During chronic bronchitis, the bronchi commonly lose appendages called ____ which function to cleanse the respiratory passages.

cilia

Because the human respiratory system is one-way-in, and one-way-out, some of the air in the nasal cavities, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles is never used for gas exchange. These areas of the respiratory system are said to contain ___ air space

dead

Which two body systems have overlapping passageways at the pharynx?

digestive and respiratory

The respiratory disorder that permanently decreases the surface area for gas exchange in the lungs is called Blank______. Multiple choice question.

emphasyma

The flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the larynx is the

epiglottis

What structure prevents food from traveling down the trachea?

epiglottis

The passive phase of breathing, requiring no effort, is called

expiration

Inhaling material such as silica, coal dust, and asbestos can lead to a buildup of connective tissue in the lungs, a disease called pulmonary

fibrosis

What is the function of the hairs located in the nasal cavity? Multiple choice question.

filter the air

The visceral and parietal pleurae adhere to each other due to surface tension of water, which results from what type of molecular attraction?

hydrogen bonding

Which of these causes hydrogen ions to build up in the blood, resulting in acidosis? Multiple choice question.

hypoventilation not hyper

Because they often lack surfactant, premature infants often develop

infant respiratory distress syndrome

In a tuberculin test, a dilute extract of M. tuberculosis is Blank______. Multiple choice question.

injected into the skin

The act of moving air into the lungs is called

inspiration

Ventilation includes which of the following?

inspiration and expiration

The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled beyond the tidal volume is the Blank______.

inspiration reserve volume

The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled beyond the tidal volume is the Blank______. Multiple choice question.

inspiratory reserve volume

The exchange of gases between blood in capillaries and individual cells is called ___ respirtaion

internal

Gas exchange that occurs between tissues of the body and the blood is called Blank______.

internal respiration

The medical term for infection (or inflammation) of the larynx is

laryngitis

Match the three parts of the human pharynx with the correct location laryngopharynx, nasopharynx, oropharynx behind the tongue, opens into the larynx, above the soft palate

laryngopharynx - opens into the larynx nasopharynx - above the soft palatet oropharynx - behinf the tongue

The cartilaginous organ between the pharynx and the trachea, which contains the vocal cords in humans, is called the Blank______.

larynx

The vocal cords are located within the cartilaginous structure called the _____, which is also called the voice box.

larynx

Which passageway is open most of the time, except when swallowing food? Multiple choice question.

larynx

how many lobes does each lung have?

left has 2 lobes right has 3 lobes

The bronchial tree, lungs, and trachea are components of the ___ respiratory tract

lower

Oxygen diffuses out of the blood into the tissues because the partial pressure of oxygen of tissue fluid is Blank______ that of blood.

lower than

A pneumonectomy would most likely be used to treat Blank______.

lung cancer

When the lacrimal glands produce excess tears, these flow through tear ducts that empty into the Blank______.

nasal cavities

In lung diseases like asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis, air cannot flow freely through the airways, thus these are called _____ pulmonary disorders.

obstructive

The membrane that adheres to the wall of the thoracic cavity is the Blank______.

parietal pleurae

In a material that contains a mixture of gases, the amount of pressure each gas exerts is called its ___ pressure

partial

The serous membranes that cover the lungs are called the

pleurae

Inflammation of the membranes that enclose the lungs is called

pleurisy

Removal of an entire lung is called Blank______. Multiple choice question.

pneumonectomy

Which respiratory illnesses is most often characterized by a high fever?

pnumonia

The major function of surfactant in the lungs is to Blank______.

prevent the alveoli from collapsing

The respiratory passages that lead directly from the trachea into the lungs are the left and right Blank______. Multiple choice question.

primary bronchi

The major function of the tonsils is to Blank______.

protect against invasion of inhaled foreign antigens

A spirometer is used to measure Blank______.

respiratory volumes

Which is used in a technique to determine respiratory volumes?

spirometer

The visceral and parietal pleurae adhere to each other due to the tendency of water molecules to cling together. This is called the ____ tension of water.

surface

Especially common in premature infants, infant respiratory distress syndrome can usually be treated with Blank______ replacement therapy. Multiple choice question.

surfactant

The substance that prevents alveoli from collapsing due to surface tension is Blank______.

surfactant

The epiglottis functions during Blank______. Multiple choice question.

swallowing

The lacrimal glands produce Blank______.

tears

The volume of air that is moved in and out of the lungs during a normal breath is the Blank______.

tidal volume

What is the purpose of the cartilage rings in the trachea?

to prevent it from collapsing

What structures form a protective ring of lymphoid tissue at the junction of the oral cavity and the pharynx?

tonsils

During inhalation, which structure does air enter immediately after it passes through the larynx?

trachea

The tube that extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi is the

trachea

the windpipe is also called the

trachea

Within the bronchial tree, which structures contain C-shaped rings of cartilage?

trachea and bronchi

Place the following in the correct sequence as air would flow through them while entering the human respiratory system.

trachea, bronchi,bronchioles,alveoli

True or false: A decrease in blood pH would stimulate an increase in rate and depth of breathing.

true

True or false: Blood in the pulmonary capillaries has a higher partial pressure of carbon dioxide than atmospheric air does. Therefore, carbon dioxide diffuses out of the plasma into the lungs.

true

The larynx, nasal cavities, and pharynx are components of the ____ respiratory tract

upper

The technical term for the process of moving air into and out of the lungs is Blank______. Multiple choice question.

ventilation

The membrane that covers the surface of the lung is the ___ pleurae

visceral

The maximum volume of air moved in the lungs along with the maximum amount moved out of the lungs is the Blank______.

vital capacity

The two mucosal folds inside the larynx, which can be brought together to produce sounds during exhalation, are the

vocal cords